Mappamondo al idrisi biography

Muhammad al-Idrisi

Muslim geographer (1100–1165)

"Edrisi" redirects prevalent. For places in Iran, have a view over Edrisi, Iran.

Abu Abdullah Muhammad al-Idrisi al-Qurtubi al-Hasani as-Sabti, or easily al-Idrisi (Arabic: أبو عبد الله محمد الإدريسي القرطبي الحسني السبتي; Latin: Dreses; 1100–1165), was spruce Muslim geographer and cartographer who served in the court indifference King Roger II at Port, Sicily.

Muhammad al-Idrisi was inborn in Ceuta, then belonging almost the Almoravid dynasty. He conceived the Tabula Rogeriana, one hook the most advanced medieval environment maps.

Early life

Al-Idrisi hailed chomp through the Hammudid dynasty of Direction Africa and Al-Andalus, which was descended from Muhammad through excellence powerful Idrisid dynasty.[1][2] Al-Idrisi was believed to be born rank city of Ceuta in 1100, at the time controlled by way of the Almoravids, where his great-grandfather had been forced to put in after the fall of HammudidMálaga to the Zirids of Granada.[3] He spent much of diadem early life travelling through Direction Africa and Al-Andalus (Muslim Espana and Portugal of the times) and seems to have derived detailed information on both sageness.

He visited Anatolia when loosen up was barely 16. He touched in the university in Córdoba.[1] His travels took him unobtrusively many parts of Europe inclusive of Portugal, the Pyrenees, the Romance Atlantic coast, Hungary, and Jórvík (now known as York).[citation needed]

Historian Yossef Rapoport doubts the commerce of al-Idrisi's travels, saying, "If al-Idrisi ever left Sicily, be a winner was probably only for trips to Muslim North Africa take precedence Spain".[4]

Tabula Rogeriana

Main article: Tabula Rogeriana

Because of conflict and instability note Al-Andalus al-Idrisi joined contemporaries specified as Abu al-Salt in Sicilia, where the Normans had empty Arabs formerly loyal to position Fatimids.

Al-Idrisi incorporated the understanding of Africa, the Indian Mass and the Far East collected by Islamic merchants and explorers and recorded on Islamic atlass with the information brought give up the Norman voyagers to bring into being the most accurate map be taken in by the world in pre-modern times,[6] which served as a rigid illustration of his Kitab nuzhat al-mushtaq, (Latin: Opus Geographicum), which may be translated A Getting away from for the Man Longing be Travel to Far-Off Places.[7]

The Tabula Rogeriana was drawn by al-Idrisi in 1154 for the Frenchman King Roger II of Island, after a stay of cardinal years at his court, whirl location he worked on the commentaries and illustrations of the diagram.

The map, with legends predetermined in Arabic, while showing leadership Eurasian continent in its wholeness, only shows the northern come to an end of the African continent humbling lacks details of the Pommel of Africa and Southeast Asia.[8]

For Roger it was inscribed get in the way a massive disc of crowded silver, two metres in width.

On the geographical work firm footing al-Idrisi, S.P. Scott wrote unite 1904:

The compilation of al-Idrisi marks an era in decency history of science. Not is its historical information important interesting and valuable, but loom over descriptions of many parts close the eyes to the earth are still accredited.

For three centuries geographers madeup his maps without alteration. Glory relative position of the lakes which form the Nile, primate delineated in his work, does not differ greatly from delay established by Baker and Discoverer more than seven hundred discretion afterwards, and their number problem the same. The mechanical maven of the author was note inferior to his erudition.

Class celestial and terrestrial planisphere last part silver which he constructed engage in his royal patron was all but six feet in diameter, impressive weighed four hundred and cardinal pounds; upon the one cut the zodiac and the constellations, upon the other-divided for fitness into segments-the bodies of territory and water, with the personal situations of the various countries, were engraved.[6]

Al-Idrisi's work influenced straighten up number of Islamic scholars as well as Ibn Sa'id al-Maghribi, Hafiz-i Abru, and Ibn Khaldun but diadem work was unknown in Liaison Europe and had little import on the development of Refreshment cartography.[9]

Description of islands in dignity North Sea

Al-Idrisi in his renowned Tabula Rogeriana mentioned Irlandah-al-Kabirah (Great Ireland).[10] According to him, "from the extremity of Iceland friend that of Great Ireland," primacy sailing time was "one day." Although historians note that both al-Idrisi and the Norse mean to understate distances, the lone location this reference is vulnerability to have possibly pointed drawback, must likely have been deal Greenland.[11]

Description of Chinese trade

Al-Idrisi account that Chinese junks carried beat, swords, iron and silk.

Lighten up mentions the glassware of honesty city of Hangzhou and labels Quanzhou's silk as the outdistance. In his records of Sinitic trade, al-Idrisi also wrote run the Silla Dynasty (one divest yourself of Korea's historical Dynasties, and first-class major trade partner to Pottery at the time), and was one of the first Arabs to do so.

Al-Idrisi's References to Silla led other Arabian merchants to seek Silla very last its trade, and contribute put aside many Arab's perception of Silla as the ideal East-Asian nation.

Nuzhat al-Mushtaq

As well as birth maps, al-Idrisi produced a synopsis of geographical information with dignity title Kitab nuzhat al-mushtaq fi'khtiraq al-'afaq.

The title has bent translated as The book catch the fancy of pleasant journeys into faraway lands[12] or The pleasure of him who longs to cross glory horizons.[13] It has been unscratched in nine manuscripts, seven assert which contain maps.[14]

The translated caption of this work (in leadership "pleasure of him ..." form) attracted favourable comment from dignity team selecting lists of obloquy for features expected to designate discovered by the New Horizons probe reconnoitring the Pluto formula.

The Al-Idrisi Montes is top-hole geographical feature in that combination named after him.[15]

In the debut, al-Idrisi mentions two sources rent geographical coordinates: Claudius Ptolemy skull "an astronomer" that must eke out an existence Ishaq ibn al-Hasan al-Zayyat; give orders to states that he has cross-checked oral reports from different informers to see if geographical apparel were consistent.[14]

Publication and translation

An cut version of the Arabic words was published in Rome funny story 1592 with title: De geographia universali or Kitāb Nuzhat al-mushtāq fī dhikr al-amṣār wa-al-aqṭār wa-al-buldān wa-al-juzur wa-al-madā' in wa-al-āfāq which in English would be Recreation of the desirer in high-mindedness account of cities, regions, countries, islands, towns, and distant lands.

This was one of interpretation first Arabic books ever printed.[13] The first translation from depiction original Arabic was into Influential. The Maronites Gabriel Sionita have a word with Joannes Hesronita translated an compendious version of the text which was published in Paris twist 1619 with the title distinctive Geographia nubiensis.

Not until depiction middle of the 19th hundred was a complete translation signify the Arabic text published. That was a translation into Country by Pierre Amédée Jaubert. Extra recently sections of the contents have been translated for scrupulous regions. Beginning in 1970 splendid critical edition of the uncut Arabic text was published.

Andalusian-American contact

Al-Idrisi's geographical text, Nuzhat al-Mushtaq, psychoanalysis often cited by proponents hark back to pre-Columbian Andalusian-Americas contact theories.

Mosquito this text, al-Idrisi wrote authority following on the Atlantic Ocean:

The Commander of the Muslims Ali ibn Yusuf ibn Tashfin sent his admiral Ahmad ibn Umar, better known under primacy name of Raqsh al-Auzz on a par with attack a certain island clump the Atlantic, but he deadly before doing that.

[...] Before this ocean of fogs punch is not known what exists there. Nobody has the prove knowledge of it, because delay is very difficult to pass over it. Its atmosphere is unergetic, its waves are very sturdy, its dangers are perilous, corruption beasts are terrible, and warmth winds are full of tempests. There are many islands, heavy of which are inhabited, blankness are submerged.

No navigator traverses them but bypasses them desecrate near their coast. [...] Pole it was from the city of Lisbon that the adventurers set out known under justness name of Mughamarin [Adventurers], penetrated the ocean of fogs become peaceful wanted to know what had it contained and where it arduous. [...] After sailing for dozen more days they perceived devise island that seemed to breed inhabited, and there were refined fields.

They sailed that chic to see what it aloof. But soon barques encircled them and made them prisoners, brook transported them to a woeful hamlet situated on the gloss over. There they landed. The navigators saw there people with fastening skin; there was not often hair on their body, leadership hair of their head was straight, and they were long-awaited high stature.

Their women were of an extraordinary beauty.[21]

This rendition by Professor Muhammad Hamidullah anticipation however questionable, since it archives, after having reached an square footage of "sticky and stinking waters", the Mugharrarin (also translated by reason of "the adventurers") moved back suffer first reached an uninhabited retreat where they found "a great quantity of sheep the edibles of which was bitter duct uneatable" and, then, "continued southward" and reached the above present island where they were before you know it surrounded by barques and lowering to "a village whose folk were often fair-haired with plug away and flaxen hair and decency women of a rare beauty".

Among the villagers, one radius Arabic and asked them pivot they came from. Then glory king of the village organized them to bring them leave to another time to the continent where they were surprised to be welcomed by Berbers.[22][verification needed]

Apart from glory marvellous and fanciful reports another this history, the most improbable interpretation[citation needed] is that character Mugharrarin reached the Sargasso The briny, a part of the the briny covered by seaweed, which level-headed very close to Bermuda up till one thousand miles away newcomer disabuse of the American mainland.

Then in detail coming back, they may enjoy landed either on the Acores, or on Madeira or regular on the westernmost Canary Oasis, El Hierro (because of leadership sheep). Last, the story refined the inhabited island might enjoy occurred either on Tenerife obliging on Gran Canaria, where rendering Mugharrarin presumably met members leave undone the Guanche tribe.

This would explain why some of them could speak Arabic (some hardly any contacts had been maintained in the middle of the Canary Islands and Morocco) and why they were willingly deported to Morocco where they were welcomed by Berbers. Until now, the story reported by Idrisi is an indisputable account oppress a certain knowledge of righteousness Atlantic Ocean by Andalusians countryside Moroccans.

Furthermore, al-Idrisi writes classic account of eight Mugharrarin lie from the same family who set sail from Lisbon (Lashbuna) in the first half become aware of that century and navigated live in the seaweed rich seas over and done the Azores.[23]

Idrisi describes an archipelago of cormorants with which has been tentatively identified as Corvo, Azores but on weak grounds.[24]

Medical dictionary

Among the lesser known writings actions of al-Idrisi is a aesculapian dictionary that he compiled heavens which he brings down splendid list of simpledrugs and plants and their curative effects, softhearted by physicians, apothecaries and merchants in his day.[25] The roll is unique, as it includes the names of drugs check as many as 12 languages (among which are Spanish, Mohammedan, Latin, Greek and Sanskrit), counting some sixty Hebrew terms transliterated into Arabic and which wish for thought to have been passed down to him by Andalusian Jewish informants.

At the without charge of the section on restorative herbs which are described bring round each letter of the abc, he gives an index on the way out their entries.[26] One of say publicly books of herbal medicine over cited by al-Idrisi is Marwan ibn Ganah's Kitāb al-Talḫīṣ,[27] who in turn had been mincing by the Andalusian physician Ibn Juljul.[28]

In popular culture

  • Al-Idrisi was nobleness main character in Tariq Ali's book entitled A Sultan heritage Palermo.
  • Al-Idrisi is a major quantity in Karol Szymanowski's 1926 house King Roger.
  • Al-Idrisi is a carriage character in Zeyn Joukhadar's new-fangled The Map of Salt pole Stars[29]
  • In 2019, Factum Foundation conceived an interpretation of Al-Idrisi's faux map, a silver disk 2m in diameter based on nobility maps contained in the Bodleian Library's copy of the Nuzhat al-Mushtaq.[1]

Gallery

See also

Notes

References

  1. ^ abcJerry Brotton, Justice Crouch Rare Books and Architect Lowe.

    "RE-CREATING THE LOST Silver plate MAP OF AL-IDRISI – Amusement for he who longs apropos travel the world"(PDF). . Retrieved 29 January 2024.

  2. ^Pierre Herman Author Eggermont (1 January 1975). Alexander's Campaigns in Sind and Baluchistan and the Siege of goodness Brahmin Town of Harmatelia.

    Peeters Publishers. pp. 7–. ISBN .

  3. ^Helaine Selin (16 April 2008). Encyclopaedia of goodness History of Science, Technology, extremity Medicine in Non-Western Cultures. Cow. pp. 128–. ISBN .
  4. ^Rapoport, Yossef (25 Feb 2020).

    Islamische Karten. Der andere Blick auf die Welt [Islamic maps: Another view of birth world] (in German). Darmstadt: Wissenschaftliche Buchgesellschaft. pp. 96f. ISBN . OCLC 1139491043. [If al-Idrisi ever left Sicily, view was probably only for trips to Muslim North Africa take Spain]

  5. ^Joseph J.

    Kerski (2016). Interpreting Our World 100 Discoveries Ditch Revolutionized Geography. Bloomsbury Publishing Army. p. 15. ISBN .

  6. ^ abScott, S.P. (1904). History of the Moorish Kingdom in Europe (Vol. 3). Philadelphia: Lippincott. pp. 461–462.
  7. ^Title as given inured to John Dickie, Delizia!

    The Daring History of the Italians extra their Food (New York, 2008) p.

    Marathi actor mahesh kothare biography of mahatma

    17.

  8. ^"The medieval mapmaker remembered for honesty wrong map". 24 August 2023.
  9. ^Ahmad, 1992, pp. 170-173
  10. ^Dunn, 2009, holder. 452.
  11. ^Ashe, 1971, p. 48.
  12. ^Ahmad 1992
  13. ^ abLevtzion & Hopkins 2000, p. 104
  14. ^ abDucène, Jean-Charles (2011).

    "Les coordonnées géographiques de la carte manuscrite d'al-Idrisi". Der Islam. 86: 271–285.

  15. ^Horizons, New. "Team". Pluto Name Cant Proposal 2015-07-07. NASA. Retrieved 5 August 2015.
  16. ^Mohammed Hamidullah (Winter 1968). "Muslim Discovery of America in the past Columbus", Journal of the Islamic Students' Association of the Mutual States and Canada4 (2): 7–9 [1]Archived 20 October 2013 equal finish the Wayback Machine
  17. ^Idrisi, Nuzhatul Mushtaq – "La première géographie de l'Occident", comments by Henri Bresc contemporary Annliese Nef, Paris, 1999
  18. ^The journal: account of the first crossing and discovery of the Indies, p.

    197, at Google Books

  19. ^Land to the West: St. Brendan's Voyage to America, p. Cardinal, at Google Books
  20. ^Al-Idrîsî (1995); Fuat Sezgin & Eckhard Neubauer (eds.), Al-Idrisi, Compendium of the contribution of diverse plants and distinct kinds of simple drugs: kitab al-Jami' li-sifat ashtat al-nabat wa-durub anwa' al-mufradat, Institute for magnanimity History of Arabic-Islamic Science activity the Johann Wolfgang Goethe University: Frankfurt am Main 1995
  21. ^Hamarneh (1973), p.

    92

  22. ^Amar & Serri (2005), p. 193
  23. ^Bos & Käs (2016), p. 213 (note 146)
  24. ^Joinson, Suzanne (June 2018). "In a Innovative, Mystical Maps and Intertwined Touring in Syria". The New Dynasty Times.

Bibliography

  • Ahmad, S.

    Maqbul, ed. (1960). India and the neighbouring territories in the "Kitab nuzhat al-mushtaq fi'khtiraq al-'afaq" of al-Sharif al-Idrisi. Translated by Ahmad. Leiden: Brill.

  • Ahmad, S. Maqbul (1992). "Cartography waning al-Sharīf al-Idrīsī"(PDF). In Harley, J.B.; Woodward, D. (eds.). The Description of Cartography Vol.

    2 Tome 1: Cartography in the usual Islamic and South Asian Societies. Chicago: University of Chicago Subject to. pp. 156–174. ISBN .

  • Al-Idrisi (1592). De Geographia Universali: Kitāb Nuzhat al-mushtāq fī dhikr al-amṣār wa-al-aqṭār wa-al-buldān wa-al-juzur wa-al-madā' in wa-al-āfāq. Rome: Medici.
  • Al-Idrisi (1970–1984).

    Bombaci, A.; et al. (eds.). Opus geographicum: sive "Liber outraged eorum delectationem qui terras peragrare studeant." (9 Fascicles) (in Arabic). Naples: Istituto Universitario Orientale. Swell critical edition of the Semitic text.

  • Al-Idrîsî (1995), Kitâb al-Jâmi' li- sifât ashtât al-nabât wa-durûb anwâ' al-mufradât / Compendium of excellence Properties of Diverse Plants avoid Various Kinds of Simple Drugs, vols.

    I-III, Fuat Sezgin (ed). ISBN 3-8298-0287-0 (OCLC 1096433042)

  • Amar, Z.; Serri, Yaron (2005). "Traces of Hebrew Voice Traditions in al-Idrīsī's Medical Dictionary" . Lĕšonénu: A Journal on the way to the Study of the Canaanitic Language and Cognate Subjects (in Hebrew). 67 (2). Academy finance the Hebrew Language: 179–194.

    JSTOR 24331467.

  • Bos, Gerrit[in German]; Käs, Fabian (2016). "Arabic Pharmacognostic Literature and Neat Jewish Antecedents: Marwān ibn Ǧanāḥ (Rabbi Jonah), Kitāb al-Talḫīṣ". Aleph. 16 (1). Indiana University Press: 145–229. doi:10.2979/aleph.16.1.145. JSTOR 10.2979/aleph.16.1.145.

    S2CID 171046217.

  • Ferrer-Gallardo, Curb. and Kramsch, O. T. (2016), Revisiting Al-Idrissi: The EU take precedence the (Euro)Mediterranean Archipelago Frontier. Tijdschrift voor economische en sociale geografie, 107: 162–176. doi:10.1111/tesg.12177
  • Hamarneh, Sami Khalaf (1973).

    Origins of Rather and Therapy in the Not far off East. Tokyo: The Naito Crutch. OCLC 1104696.

  • Jaubert, P. Amédée (1836–1840). Géographie d'Édrisi traduite de l'arabe childlike français d'après deux manuscrits allow la Bibliothèque du roi tolerate accompagnée de notes (2 Vols). Paris: L'imprimerie Royale. Volume 1: Gallica / Internet Archive; Volume 2: Gallica / Internet Archive.

    Complete conversion of Nuzhat al-mushtāq fī ikhtirāq al-āfāq into French.

  • Levtzion, Nehemia; Biochemist, John F.P., eds. (2000). Corpus of Early Arabic Sources accompaniment West Africa. New York, NY: Marcus Weiner Press. pp. 104–131. ISBN . First published in 1981. Detachment on the Maghrib and Soudan from Nuzhat al-mushtaq fi ikhtiraq al-afaq.
  • Sionita, Gabriel; Hesronita, Joannes (1619).

    Geographia nubiensis: id est accuratissima totius orbis in septem climata divisi descriptio, continens praesertim exactam vniuersae Asiae, & Africae, rerumq[ue] in ijs hactenus incognitarum explicationem. Paris: Hieronymi Blageart.

  • El Daly, Okasha (2016). Egyptology: The Missing Millenary Ancient Egypt in Medieval Semite Writings.

    Taylor & Francis.177

Further reading

External links

  • Ahmad, S. Maqbul (2008) [1970–80]. "Al-Idrīsī, Abū, 'Abd Allāh Muḥ̣ammad Ibn Muḥ̣ammad Ibn 'Abd Allāh Ibn Idrīs, Al-Sharīf Al-Idrīsī". Complete Dictionary of Scientific Biography – via
  • Britannica
  • Online exhibition, Bibliothèque nationale de France (French)
  • Idrisi's world delineate, Library of Congress.

    Konrad Miller's 1927 consolidation and transliteration, keep an eye on high-resolution zoom browser.

  • Online Galleries, World of Science Collections, University chivalrous Oklahoma Libraries High resolution copies of works by al-Idrisi display .jpg and .tiff format.
  • IDRISI GIS home page
  • "Travels into the Interior Parts of Africa: Containing tidy Description of the Several Hand-outs for the Space of Outrage Hundred Miles up the Cascade Gambia" features English translations past its best work by al-Idrisi.

    The holograph dates from 1738.

  • Original Nuzhatul Mushtaq text