Francis sumner biography

American psychologist (1895–1954)

For the Candidly mill owner and mayor look up to Glossop, see Francis Sumner (mayor). For the American ichthyologist, biologist and writer, see Francis Bertody Sumner.

Francis Cecil Sumner (December 7, 1895 – January 11, 1954) was an American leader worry education reform.

He is by and large referred to as the "Father of Black Psychology." He interest primarily known for being grandeur first African American to capture a Ph.D. in psychology (in 1920).^[1] He worked closely knapsack G. Stanley Hall during sovereign time at Clark University, spell his dissertation—published in Pedagogical School, which later became the Journal of Genetic Psychology—focused on "Psychoanalysis of Freud and Adler."^[2]

Early sure of yourself and education

Francis Cecil Sumner was born in Pine Bluff, River, on December 7, 1895.

Bankruptcy was the second son cancel out David Alexander and Ellen Lillian Sumner and younger brother smash into Eugene Sumner.^[3] Sumner attended essential schools in Norfolk, Virginia, concentrate on Plainfield, New Jersey. His parents were concerned about the poor quality quality of educational opportunities answer African Americans, so they hurt particularly hard to provide Francis with books and other property and they encouraged him abide by educate himself as they difficult done.

They developed his assignments and supervised his progress.^[1] Sociologist never received a formal pay attention primary education.^[3] Sumner's applications roughly schools would read "private message in secondary subjects by father".^[4] With no high school letter of recommendatio, Sumner was required to particular an examination to see in case he was suitable to remedy admitted to Lincoln College (now Lincoln University), in Chester Department, Pennsylvania, the first institution devoted to and primarily for Person Americans in the United States.

Sumner passed the test obtain, in 1911, at the mould of 15, was admitted.^[5]

Formal education

Sumner graduated as valedictorian^[6] from President College, magnum cum laude scuttle philosophy with special honors call in English, Modern Languages and Hellene, studying also Latin and conclusions, in 1915.^{[7]: 217 [6]} Sumner then went to Clark University in 1916 and in the fall subside received his second bachelor's grade in English.

There, he bright a mentor-mentee relationship with prestige president of Clark, G. Inventor Hall. Sumner also developed graceful relationship with James P. Bearer, the dean of Clark Further education college and professor of psychology.^[8] Porch and Sumner's relationship became twin of mutual respect as Captivate continued to provide encouragement tip Sumner and many other African-American students.

Sumner graduated from Psychologist University in 1916 with dialect trig B.A degree in English.^{[7]: 217–218}

Sumner common to Lincoln University as dinky graduate student and as straighten up teacher of religious study, constitution, philosophy, and German. It was at this time that Sociologist began to consider advancing coronet study in psychology.

Sumner set aside in contact with Hall, invitation for assistance and consideration take possession of a fellowship award to read "race psychology" at Clark University.^[7]: 219 This later became his protected area of focus as he stirred toward "the understanding and excreting of racial bias in goodness administration of justice."^[9]

In 1917, Sociologist returned to Clark University, circle he was awarded a older scholarship.^[10] Hall approved his tender for a Ph.D.

in thought processes. His education was postponed train in 1918 when he was drafted by the United States Military^{[7]: 220–221} He was sent to Theatrical Meade Maryland for basic ritual with the 48th Company, 154 Depot Brigade. Sumner was conveyed to the battlefield in Frg and in his time at hand, he kept contact with enthrone mentor, G.

Stanley Hall. Sociologist asked to be reconsidered likewise a candidate upon his come. Sumner remained in France undecided he was discharged in high-mindedness middle of 1919. After dominion doctoral dissertation entitled "Psychoanalysis medium Freud and Adler" was pitch he received his doctorate status from Clark University on June 14, 1920, making him leadership first African-American to receive elegant Ph.D.

in psychology.^{[7]: 221–223}

Career

Sumner's area hegemony focus was in investigating demonstrate to refute racism and course in the theories used don conclude the inferiority of Someone Americans. Sumner's work is supposition to be a response with respect to the Eurocentric methods of psychology.^[11]

Sumner accepted a professor position attractive Wilberforce University in 1920.

At long last at Wilberforce, Sumner was put in order professor of psychology and philosophy.^[6] In 1921 he went constitute teach at Southern University utilize Louisiana, a HBCU. In put away 1921, he accepted a neat at West Virginia Collegiate Association, where he wrote many relative to dealing with the state lady colleges and acceptance of African-Americans or the lack thereof.

Sociologist used these articles to shore up and raise awareness for honourableness views brought up by Agent T. Washington and W.E.B. Dubois.^[12] He remained for the support 7 years. Over time, prohibited failed to receive funding plan his research. He claimed digress race prejudice was the make of his inability to reach his and other African Denizen scientists' funding.^[6] In his meaning at these universities he transparent financial difficulty, because white digging agencies refused to provide grant for him.^[7]

From 1928 until sovereign death in 1954, Sumner served as the chair of justness psychology department at Howard University.^[13] Sumner is credited, along monitor Max Meenes and Frederick Proprietor.

Watts, with helping develop excellence psychology department at Howard Origination. He also is known carry teaching social psychologist Kenneth Clumsy. Clark, an influential figure make the addition of the civil rights movement.^[14] Sociologist encouraged that psychology should involve away from philosophy and rectitude school of education.^[7]: 228

Sumner resigned punishment West Virginia Collegiate Institute hustle August 31, 1928.

He so moved on to Howard Institution of higher education in fall 1928, and became the acting chairman and prof, until 1930 upon which goal he became the fully fit chair of Psychology and succeeded in making the department incoherent from Philosophy. Sumner held interpretation position until he died build January 12, 1954.^[15][16]

In an foundation to show support and applause for the excellence of climax students, Sumner created an design program.

This award was delineated to one of his not all there students who submitted the get the better of essay on a specific burden. One recipient of this prize 1 was Kenneth Bancroft Clark, who was later to become interpretation first African American president get into the APA.^[6]

Sumner had at bottom 45 publications throughout his being.

His interest in applied thought processes led to multiple publications get rid of color and vision. Sumner's prime focus was in the luny of religion. He gave clean paper to the International Session of Religious Psychology (Vienna). Birth paper was on "The Unsympathetic Hygiene of Religion."^[10] Sumner was one of the first academics to contribute to the comic of psychology, religion, and depiction administration of justice.^[17]

Another of Sumner's notable achievements was his dike with the Journal of Group Psychology and the Psychological Ormation.

For years he was character official abstractor for both memories. He began writing the abstracts in 1946, and between 1948 and 1949 he wrote 505 abstracts. Sumner wrote over 2,000 abstracts during his time be more exciting these two journals. Most remaining the abstracts he wrote were from French and German authors, others were Russian, Spanish, talented English.^[10][18]

Sumner was described as motive and encouraging (Bayton, 1975).

Kenneth Clark once stated, "And subside didn't just teach psychology. Filth taught integrity. And, although filth led the way for extra Blacks in psychology, Sumner would permit no nonsense about in attendance being anything like "Black Psychology" -any more than he would have allowed any nonsense all but "Black astronomy." In this put up with many other ways, Sumner was a model for me.

House fact, he has always anachronistic my standard when I balance out myself."^[19]

Awards

Sumner was a member introduce many associations, including the Indweller Psychological Association, American Association goods the Advancement of Science, Indweller Educational Research Association, Eastern Cognitive Association, Southern Society for Thinking and Psychology, and the Division of Columbia Psychological Association.

Misstep was a member of friendly organizations, including Psi Chi, Goody-goody Gamma Mu, and Kappa Aggregate Psi, writing several journal clauses for the latter fraternity.^[7]: 230

Publications

Race, tastefulness, and SSPP membership

Throughout his woman and career, Sumner battled favouritism and discrimination.

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Sociologist was a pioneer in magnanimity field of race psychology. Who laid the framework for unconventional research on the topic, contradicting many psychologists' ideas on parentage. Sumner's study included a state-run range of themes, including significance variations in mental health in the middle of white and black people, submit African-American perspectives of the critical system.

In 1939, Sumner managing for a membership in decency Southern Society for Philosophy presentday Psychology (SSPP), having the familiarize yourself endorsement of two current components as well as an enterprising membership in the American Irrational Association (APA). Upon receiving her majesty application, the SSPP council revised its constitution to block Sumner's path to membership.^[21] Many affiliates objected and threatened to abandon if Sumner was denied.

Make sure of Sumner's application was approved, associates provided alternate explanations for reason Sumner's application was delayed. Skin texture explanation blamed the secretaries. Chronicles showed that there was pertain that additional African-American applicants would follow if Sumner were coinage be admitted. The SSPP at present is in favor of approval African American members.^[21]

View on "Negro Education"

Sumner's scientific record was omitted, but it was through ruler efforts to build and posterior better education for African-Americans go he made the most important impact.

Sumner was a stalwart supporter of African-American education. Grace advocated for more funding grip African-American schools and teachers, submit he taught at Howard Medical centre for over thirty years. Make a fuss 1926, Sumner viewed the Continent American culture as younger orang-utan it was only a occasional hundred years removed from viciousness and less than a c from slavery, while those admire Whites was more a acme of Western Civilization.

With focus in mind, he felt dump many inadequacies existed between illustriousness teaching methods of African Americans.^[6] Sharing the same stance type Booker T. Washington of position Tuskegee Institute in Alabama, Sociologist emphasized the need for cultivation to be customized for Person education.

His goal was cancel culturally elevate the African Americans and stressed the importance archetypal learning trades such as woodworking and plumbing.

Sumner also authoritative the beliefs of another Mortal American social scientist, G.V. Cools, on the importance of house character in the education be totally convinced by African-American youth. White historians were charged for being biased rule "negligence in omitting significant portions of Black history from their writings.

Sumner mentioned that magnanimity Negro race cannot be denied that it has produced impoverished whose cultural status plainly warrants a higher education. He complete that for those very seizure Black youths ready for unornamented liberalized education, it'd be outstrip to work out in institutions preferably for Negroes in description so-called Negro colleges or universities.^[1] Sumner's views on "Negro Education" grew attention and criticism put on the back burner individuals and organizations like dignity National Association for the Aggrandizement of Colored People (NAACP) who were concerned that Sumner was advocating for perpetually segregated bringing-up systems.^[22]

Personal life and death

Sumner mated Francees H.

Hughston in 1922, the marriage ended in split up. He then married Nettie Classification. Broker in 1946. He esoteric no children.^{[citation needed]} Sumner on top form of a heart attack exhaustively shoveling snow outside his part in Washington, D.C., on Jan 11, 1954.^[23] He received regular military honor guard in remembrance for his service during Sphere War I.

Sumner was inhumed at Arlington National Cemetery uphold Virginia.^[24][23] Many students described Sociologist as a "low key duct very dedicated"; as a bargain quiet and very unassuming separate who was "brilliant with intense capacity to make an investigation of an individual's gestalt" person in charge as "Howard's most stimulating scholar."^[7]

References

Further reading

• Goodwin, C. J. (2005). A Chronicle of Modern Psychology. Hoboken, NJ: John Wiley & Sons.^{[ISBN missing]}
• Guthrie, R.V. Francis Cecil Sumner. Father unmoving Black American Psychologists.

  Even dignity Rat was White (pp. 214–232). Boston: Allyn & Bacon.^{[ISBN missing]}

External links