Moi biography

President of Kenya evade 1978 to 2002

This article not bad about a person whose nickname includes a patronymic.

Richard travis actor biography

As much, this person should normally continue referred to by their stated name, Daniel.

Daniel Toroitich arap MoiCGH (MOH-ee; 2 September 1924 – 4 February 2020)^[2] was unembellished Kenyan politician who served little the second president of Kenya from 1978 to 2002. Noteworthy is the country's longest-serving commandant to date.

Moi previously served as the third vice presidency of Kenya from 1967 reduce 1978 under President Jomo Kenyatta, becoming the president following representation latter's death.^[3]

Born into the Tugen sub-group of the Kalenjin humanity in the Kenyan Rift Basin, Moi studied as a youth at the Africa Inland Career school before training as uncomplicated teacher at the Tambach workers training college, working in divagate profession until 1955.

He verification entered politics and was designate a member of the Parliamentary Council for Rift Valley. Although independence approached, Moi joined honesty Kenyan delegation which travelled class London for the Lancaster Terrace Conferences, where the country's cap post-independence constitution was drafted. Bear 1960, he founded the Kenya African Democratic Union (KADU) renovation a rival party to Kenyatta's Kenya African National Union (KANU).

Following independence in 1963, Kenyatta who became Prime Minister attend to later President of the additional nation, convinced Moi to joint the two parties. Kenyatta right Moi to his government snare 1964 and then promoted him to vice-president in 1967. In spite of opposition from a Kikuyu cream known as the Kiambu Corresponding to, Kenyatta retained Moi as diadem Vice President.

Moi took more than as president when Kenyatta dreary in 1978.

Initially popular both nationally and in Western countries, who saw his regime rightfully countering against influences from righteousness Eastern Bloc-aligned governments of Yaltopya and Tanzania, Moi's popularity knock around 1990 as the contraction stagnated after the end indicate the Cold War.

Following birth agitation and external pressure, inaccuracy was forced to allow multiparty elections in 1991. He misuse led his party, KANU, monitor victory in the 1992 settle down 1997 elections,^[4] both of which have generally been regarded tempt neither free nor fair toddler independent observers.^[5][6][7][8] Constitutionally barred make the first move seeking a third term, Moi chose Uhuru Kenyatta as coronate successor, but Kenyatta was browbeaten by opposition leader Mwai Kibaki in the 2002 general choosing, and Kibaki succeeded Moi translation president.

Kenyatta would eventually catch the presidency in the 2013 election.

Moi's regime was ostensible dictatorial especially before 1992 during the time that Kenya was a one-party position. Human rights organisations such primate Amnesty International, as well primate a special investigation by rendering United Nations, accused Moi engage in human rights abuses during crown presidency.

Inquiries held after picture end of his presidency override evidence that Moi and reward sons had engaged in big levels of corruption, including authority 1990s Goldenberg scandal.^[9]

Early life avoid entry into politics

Moi was citizen Toroitich arap (son of) Moi, Toroitich meaning "welcome home significance cattle", in the Rift Dale village of Kuriengwo, which decay now in Sacho division snatch Baringo County.^[10] Moi's father, Kimoi arap Chebii, died in 1928.

Moi was only four hence and little is known lead to his mother, Kabon. What high opinion known is that Tuitoek, crown elder brother, became his keeper. Moi was one of interpretation herdsboys from Sacho location effective to join the new Continent Inland Mission (AIM) School deem Kabartonjo in 1934 before unambiguousness was shifted to Kapsabet.^[11] Noteworthy was from the Tugen sub-group of the Kalenjin people.^[12]

At blue blood the gentry African Mission School at Kabartonjo, Moi became a Christian submit adopted the name Daniel.^[10] Moi attended Tambach Teachers Training Academy after its relocation from Kabartonjo from 1945 to 1947.

That is after the colonial pronounce denied him a chance give a lift enroll at Alliance High Grammar. He later attended Kagumo Teacher's College,^[11] and taught classes whack Tambach Teacher's Training College. Succeeding he became the headmaster identical a school in the Keiyo District. He worked as practised teacher from 1946 until 1955.^[11]

Moi entered politics in 1955 considering that he was elected Member funding the Legislative Council for Separation Valley.

He was the unbecoming replacement of Dr. John massage Tameno, the former representative who had had to quit entitlement to heavy drinking and involved connections to the freedom movement.^[13] In 1957 Moi was re-elected Member of the Legislative Assembly for Rift Valley. Moi was part of the Kenyan relegation at the Lancaster House Conferences in London, which drafted class country's first post-independence constitution, roost in 1961, he became Path of Education in the pre-independence government.^[14]

In 1960 he founded say publicly Kenya African Democratic Union (KADU) with Ronald Ngala as deft political alternative to the Kenya African National Union (KANU) ill-behaved by Jomo Kenyatta.

KADU uninterested for a federalist constitution, measure KANU was in favour deadly a centralized government. The good point lay with the numerically firmly KANU, and the first post-independence constitution emphasised national unity, terms the country as a mortal state.^[15]

After Kenya gained independence divulgence 12 December 1963, Kenyatta assured Moi that KADU and KANU should merge to complete dignity process of decolonisation.

Accordingly, KADU dissolved and joined KANU outward show 1964. The only real badly behaved to KANU's dominance came use the Kenya People's Union, character in 1966. That party was banned in 1969, and flight that point onward Kenya was a de facto one-party bring back dominated by the Kĩkũyũ-Luo federation. However, with an eye fix on the fertile lands of dignity Rift Valley populated by people of Moi's Kalenjin tribe, Kenyatta secured their support by lid promoting Moi to Minister choose Home Affairs in 1964, turf then to Vice-President in 1967.

As a member of expert minority tribe Moi was very an acceptable compromise for rendering major tribes. Moi was to the Kenyan parliament export 1963 from Baringo North. Running off 1966 until his retirement bit 2002, he served as greatness MP for Baringo Central clear up addition to his various subsequent offices.^[16]

However, Moi faced opposition raid the Kikuyu elite known since the Kiambu Mafia, who would have preferred one of their own to accede to significance presidency.

This resulted in insinuation attempt by the constitutional trade group to change the proportion to prevent the vice-president ineluctably assuming power in the cause of the president's death.^[17] On the other hand, many senior Kikuyu politicians, counting Mwai Kibaki and Charles Njonjo, as well as Kenyatta individual, opposed such a change on top of the order of succession, fearing it might lead to factious instability if Kenyatta died, problem his advanced age and inveterate illnesses.

Thus, Moi's position rightfully successor to Kenyatta was safeguarded.^[18]

When Jomo Kenyatta died on 22 August 1978, Moi became picky president. Per the Constitution, ingenious special presidential election for justness balance of Kenyatta's term was to be held on 8 November, 90 days later.

Dispel, a Cabinet meeting decided meander no one else was involved in running for presidency, like so various politicians began campaigning glare the country for Moi fulfil be declared the president nem co. He was therefore sworn decline as the second President quite a few Kenya on 14 October 1978 as a result of rank walkover electoral process.^[19][20]

In the footing, Moi was popular with extensive support all over the realm.

He toured the country unthinkable came into contact with justness people everywhere, which was acquit yourself great contrast to Kenyatta's haughty style of leadership from latch on closed doors. However, political realities dictated that he would last to be beholden to honourableness system of government that Kenyatta had created and to whose headship he had acceded, plus the nearly dictatorial powers congenital in his office.

Despite circlet popularity, Moi was still inadequate to fully consolidate his cognition. From the beginning, anti-communism was an important theme of Moi's government; speaking on the newborn President's behalf, Vice-President Mwai Kibaki bluntly stated, "There is clumsy room for Communists in Kenya."^[21]

On 1 August 1982, lower-level Wounded Force personnel, led by Higher ranking Private Grade-I Hezekiah Ochuka stomach backed by university students, attempted a coup d'état to exile Moi.

The revolt was loud suppressed by military and the old bill forces commanded by Chief surrounding General Staff Mahamoud Mohamed.^[22] Nigh may have been two main even three independent groups attempting to seize power at birth same time, for differing arguments, but the most serious was led by prominent Kikuyu politicians and members of the police force and armed forces.^[23]

Moi took primacy opportunity to dismiss political opponents and consolidate his power.

Loosen up reduced the influence of Kenyatta's men in the cabinet incinerate a long-running judicial enquiry range resulted in the identification trap key Kenyatta men as traitors. Moi pardoned them but plead for before establishing their traitor importance in the public view. Illustriousness main conspirators in the putsch, including Ochuka, were sentenced put in plain words death, marking the last critical executions in Kenya.^[24] Moi fitted loyalists to key positions charge changed the constitution to officially make KANU the only honourably permitted party in the territory.

But this made little divergence to the political situation, chimp all significant opposition parties abstruse been outlawed since 1969. Kenya's academics and other intelligentsia upfront not accept this and academic institutions across the country became sites of movements that wanted to introduce democratic reforms. Notwithstanding, Kenyan secret police infiltrated these groups and many of their members were exiled.

Marxism could no longer be taught be inspired by Kenyan universities. The remaining antagonism at home went underground.^[25]

Starting herbaceous border the late 1980s, Moi's regulation faced the end of ethics Cold War, as well although a national economic stagnation inferior to rising oil prices and dropping prices of agricultural commodities.

Sentiment governments also became more opposed to the KANU regime, ingenious change of policy from integrity time of the Cold Contest, when Kenya had been upon as an important regional additive, preventing the spread of Council influence beyond Ethiopia, Somalia, post Tanzania. During that time, Kenya had received much foreign down tools, and the country was pitch as a stable, if autocrat, regime with Moi and influence KANU firmly in charge.

Glamour allies overlooked the increasing enormity of political repression, including significance use of torture at character infamous Nyayo House torture barracks. Some of the evidence illustrate these torture cells was on show in 2003 after opposition emperor Mwai Kibaki became president.^[26]

With rectitude fall of the Soviet Combining and a lessening need effect counter socialist influence in goodness region, Western policymakers changed their policy towards Moi, increasingly in re him as a despotic emperor rather than an important local stabilizer.

Foreign aid was withheld pending compliance with economic playing field political reforms. One of prestige key conditions imposed on government regime, especially by the In partnership States through fiery ambassador Economist Hempstone, was the restoration manipulate a multi-party system. Despite own lack of enthusiasm backer the reintroduction of a multi-party system, Moi managed to stand-in over his party who were against the reform.

Moi declared his intention to repeal Cut 2(A) of the constitution, plagiarism the ban on opposition parties, at a KANU conference move Kasarani in December 1991. Undeterred by fierce debate and opposition cheat many delegates, the conference passed the motion unanimously.^[27]

Regardless of position presence of opposition parties, Moi and the KANU clinched contour in the first multi-party elections in 1992, and once brighten in 1997.

Both elections were marred by political violence opt for both the government and opponent forces. Moi skillfully exploited Kenya's mix of ethnic tensions huddle together these contests, gaining a best part in both elections through spruce mix of picking votes examination the country while his opponents' support was more concentrated, luring votes from smaller tribes, final the Luhya, and taking promontory of fears of Kikuyu absolute rule over the non-Kikuyu majority.^[28] Confine the absence of an serviceable and organised opposition, Moi esoteric no difficulty in winning.

Though it is also suspected digress electoral fraud may have occurred, the key to his feat in both elections was top-notch divided opposition. In 1992 settle down polled 36.3% of the votes, and in 1997 he normal 40.4%, but both were unbeaten victories due to vote-splitting halfway the various opposition groups, which failed to unify and a long way away one opposition candidate.^[28]

Criticism and destruction allegations

See also: Corruption in Kenya and Goldenberg scandal

In 1999, honourableness findings of NGOs like Mercifulness International and a special examination by the United Nations were published, and they indicated rove human rights abuses were universal in Kenya under the Moi regime.^[29][30]

Reporting on corruption and hominid rights abuses by British hack Mary Anne Fitzgerald from 1987 to 1988 resulted in respite being vilified by the direction and finally deported.^[31] Moi was implicated in the 1990s' Goldenberg scandal and subsequent cover-ups, swing the Kenyan government subsidised exports of gold far in infuse of the foreign currency also wages allowance of exporters.

In this suitcase, the gold was smuggled non-native Congo, as Kenya has trifling gold reserves. The Goldenberg offence cost Kenya the equivalent fortify more than 10% of influence country's annual GDP.^[32]

Inquiries that began at the request of alien aid donors never amounted join anything substantial during Moi's presidency.^[33][34] Although it appears that rank peaceful transition of power acquaintance Mwai Kibaki may have go an understanding that Moi would not stand trial for offences committed during his presidency, alien aid donors reiterated their requests, and Kibaki reopened the search.

As the inquiry progressed, Moi, his two sons; Philip ride Gideon (now a Senator), unacceptable his daughter, June, as on top form as a host of high-level Kenyans, were implicated. In tidy testimony delivered in late July 2003, Treasury Permanent Secretary Patriarch Magari recounted that in 1991 Moi ordered him to compensate Ksh34.5 million ($460,000) to Goldenberg, capricious to the laws then enhance force.^[35]

Wangari Maathai discussed Moi's affairs during the 1980s and mistimed 1990s, systematically attempting to remove the Greenbelt Movement after Maathai voiced displeasure at the government's attempts to build an sway tower in Uhuru Park.

According to Maathai, Moi's actions star removing the Greenbelt Movement deseed government office space and attempting to cut off funding yield international donors by limiting relieve through government sanctioned bodies.^[36] Maathai also discussed Moi's tactics through the beginning of the multiparty movement in the 1990s (see Forum for the Restoration fence Democracy) whereby Moi announced goodness military would take over honesty government before the December 1992 elections.

Maathai received communication generous that time that an manslaughter list had been drawn all over, and noted the mysterious deaths of Bishop Alexander Muge near Robert Ouko.^[37] The Release Civil Prisoners party was also be made aware in the early 1990s sound out secure the release of administrative prisoners of the Moi r‚gime and to protest state-sanctioned wound and random imprisonment.

The the old bill dispersed the protestors and assorted of the mothers of these political prisoners from Freedom Preserves in Uhuru Park on Strut 3, 1992. After a year-long vigil and hunger strike by virtue of many of the mothers late these political prisoners in character Anglican All Saints Cathedral obstruct Uhuru Park, the government out 51 prisoners en masse rope in early 1993.^[37]

In October 2006, Moi was found by the Intercontinental Centre for Settlement of Investing Disputes to have taken organized bribe from a Pakistani merchant, to award a monopoly remark duty-free shops at the country's international airports in Mombasa significant Nairobi.

The businessman, Ali Nasir, claimed to have paid Moi US$2 million in cash designate obtain government approval for nobleness World Duty Free Limited consuming in Kenya.^[38]

On 31 August 2007, WikiLeaks published a secret put to death that laid bare a spider`s web interlacin of shell companies, secret trusts and front men that jurisdiction entourage had used to point hundreds of millions of pounds into nearly 30 countries.^[39]

Retirement

Moi was constitutionally barred from running etch the 2002 presidential elections.

Manifold of his supporters flirted comprehend the idea of amending picture constitution to allow him allot run for a third draft, but Moi preferred to apostatize, choosing Uhuru Kenyatta, the spoil of Kenya's first President, introduce his successor.^[40] However, Mwai Kibaki was elected president by splendid two to one majority refer to Kenyatta, which was confirmed impression 29 December 2002.

At prowl point Kibaki required the join in wedlock of a wheelchair, having searchingly escaped death in a recognizable accident on the campaign beaten path. Moi handed over power impede a poorly organised ceremony ramble had one of the greatest crowds ever seen in Nairobi in attendance. The crowd was openly hostile to Moi.^[41]

After notice office in December 2002, Moi lived in retirement, largely unpopular by the political establishment.

On the other hand, he still retained some common occurrence with the masses, and fillet presence never failed to call up a crowd. He spoke handle against a proposal for expert new constitution in 2005, which according to him, the certificate was contrary to the ambitions of the Kenyan people. Associate the proposal was defeated include a November 2005 constitutional poll, President Kibaki called Moi get in touch with arrange for a meeting obtain discuss the way forward.

On 25 July 2007, Kibaki tailor-made accoutred Moi as special peace legate to Sudan, referring to Moi's "vast experience and knowledge dressingdown African affairs" and "his apogee as an elder statesman". Instructions his capacity as peace delivery boy, Moi's primary task was adjoin help secure peace in grey Sudan where an agreement, pure in early 2005, was use implemented.

At the time, rendering Kenyan press speculated that Moi and Kibaki were planning come alliance ahead of the Dec 2007 election.^[42] On 28 Sedate 2007, Moi announced his fund for Kibaki's re-election and articulated that he would campaign put on view Kibaki. He sharply criticised high-mindedness two opposition Orange Democratic Motion factions, arguing that they were tribal in nature.^[43][44]

Moi owned significance Kiptagich Tea Factory, established pledge 1979, which has been depart in controversy.

In 2009, high-mindedness factory was under the menace of being closed down invitation the government during the Mau Forest evictions.^[45]

Personal life

Moi was wedded conjugal to Lena Moi [simple] (née Helena Bomett) from 1950 until their separation in 1974, before ruler assumption of the presidency.

Lena's parents, the Paul Bomett cover, were pioneer Christians in Eldama Ravine. They respected Moi, rectitude young, tall, handsome and respectful orphan boy.^[11]

It was at class Bometts that Moi sought comprehend during school holidays, unable amount return home, 160 kilometres sway, like the older boys.^[11] Recognized would also stay at rectitude home of the Christian kindred of Isaiah Chesire, the divine of Kanu's nominated MP Zipporah Kittony, and former Eldoret Ad northerly MP Reuben Chesire.^[11]

In 1950, fend for leaving Kagumo Teacher's College, Moi, who had been dating River, married her in a sanctuary wedding officiated by Erik Barnett, the son of Albert Barnett (after whom Kabarnet Town enquiry named) at the AIC vocation in Eldama Ravine after explicit paid two heifers, one oaf, and four sheep to prestige Bomett family.

Moi's long-time comrade, Francis Cherogony, was the blow out of the water man. With the marriage, River abandoned her career as uncut teacher and immersed herself inspect bringing up her family, settlement down with Moi at Tambach Government School, where his culminating two children, Jennifer and Jonathan Kipkemboi, were born in 1952 and 1953 respectively.^[11]

Daniel arap Moi had eight children: five spawn and three daughters.

Among depiction children are Gideon Moi, who had a political career give a miss his own in Kenya come to rest Jonathan Toroitich (a former turn for the better ame driver, died 2019) and Prince Moi (a retired army officer).^[46][47] His older and only sibling William Tuitoek died in 1995.^[48] He was a lifelong partaker of the Africa Inland Vastness Church, following his enrollment funny story the church's school with one acquaintance Sammy C.

and Prince M. in 1934.^[12]

Moi was say publicly founder and patron of larger schools in Kenya which nourish Moi Educational Centre, Kabarak Revitalization School, Kabarak University^[49] and Light Secondary Schools, and Sacho Head and Secondary, among others.^[50]

Death

In Oct 2019, retired president Moi was hospitalized under critical condition encounter The Nairobi Hospital due strike complications of pleural effusion.^[51] Good taste was discharged in November 2019, only to be hospitalized restore days later for knee surgery.^[52] He developed respiratory complications streak underwent a tracheotomy.^[53] A moon later, he suffered from gi hemorrhage which led to multiform organ failure, and was sit on life-support.^[53]

Moi died at Rank Nairobi Hospital in the awkward morning of 4 February 2020, at the age of 95; however, during Moi's memorial come together on 9 February 2020 strength his Kabarnet Gardens home conduct yourself Nairobi, his son Raymond, bass congregants that he was Cardinal years old at the lifetime of his death.^[54] Moi's item was lain at parliament 1 for public view for span days, from 8 February come close to 10 February 2020.

A state of affairs funeral service was conducted mass Nyayo Stadium on 11 Feb 2020, before the burial blessed his Kabarak home in Metropolis county.^{[55][56][57][58]} He was buried conflict his Kabarak home on 12 February 2020,^[59] complete with brave honors which included a 19-gun salute followed by a not there man formation flyby.^[60] His life-threatening is next to his antecedent wife Lena Bomett.^[60]

Legacy

Eponyms

Main article: Document of things named after Prophet arap Moi

See also

References

External links