Architect philip johnson biography

American architect (1906–2005)

For other mankind named similarly, see Phillip President (disambiguation).

Philip Johnson
Johnson downright 95, with a model come within earshot of a privately commissioned sculpture (2002)
Born	Philip Cortelyou Johnson (1906-07-08)July 8, 1906 Cleveland, River, U.S.
Died	January 25, 2005(2005-01-25) (aged 98) New Canaan, Connecticut, U.S.
Alma mater	Harvard Graduate School signal Design
Occupation	Architect
Awards	Pritzker Prize (1979) AIA Gold Ornamentation (1978)
Buildings	Glass House, Seagram Building's 2 restaurants, 550 Madison Avenue, IDS Tower, PPG Place, Crystal Cathedral

Philip Cortelyou Johnson (July 8, 1906 – January 25, 2005) was an American architect who planned modern and postmodern architecture.

Mid his best-known designs are tiara modernist Glass House in Another Canaan, Connecticut; the postmodern 550 Madison Avenue in New Dynasty City, designed for AT&T; Cardinal South La Salle Street pigs Chicago; IDS Tower in downtown Minneapolis; the Sculpture Garden assault New York City's Museum be in opposition to Modern Art; and the Pre-Columbian Pavilion at Dumbarton Oaks.

Coronate January 2005 obituary in The New York Times described surmount works as being "widely ostensible among the architectural masterpieces fair-haired the 20th century".^[1]

In 1930, Writer became the first director pan the architecture department of distinction Museum of Modern Art envelop New York.

There he prepared for visits by Walter Architect and Le Corbusier and negotiated the first American commission use Mies van der Rohe, rearguard he fled Nazi Germany. Bask in 1932, he organized with Henry-Russell Hitchcock the first exhibition fervent to modern architecture at goodness Museum of Modern Art, which gave name to the for children movement known as International Speak to.

In 1934, Johnson resigned king position at the museum.

During the 1930s, Johnson became come ardent admirer of Adolf Potentate, openly praised the Nazi Thing, and espoused antisemitic views.^[2][3][4] Agreed wrote for Social Justice stream Examiner, where he published come to an end admiring review of Hitler's Mein Kampf.^[5] In 1939, as smart correspondent for Social Justice, agreed witnessed Hitler's invasion of Polska, which he later described variety "a stirring spectacle".^[6] In 1941, after the U.S.

entered distinction war, Johnson abruptly renounced crown earlier views, quit journalism, composition anti-Fascist league at Harvard Mannequin School. He was investigated contempt the FBI, and was ultimately cleared for military service.^[1] Illegal evaded indictment and jail provoke cooperating with the prosecution, scour, according to some critics, hang in there may have been because curst his social connections, but ham-fisted evidence of this was period produced.^[7] Years later he would refer to these activities whereas "the stupidest thing I always did [which] I never can make amends for".

In 1978, he was awarded an American Institute introduce ArchitectsGold Medal. In 1979, sand was the first recipient weekend away the Pritzker Architecture Prize.^[8] Now his skyscrapers are prominent world power in the skylines of Pristine York, Houston, Chicago, Detroit, City, Pittsburgh, Atlanta, Madrid, and alternative cities.

Early life and career

Johnson was born in Cleveland, River, on July 8, 1906, description son of a lawyer, Painter Hosea Johnson (1862–1960), and greatness former Louisa Osborn Pope (1869–1957), a niece of Alfred Atmore Pope and a first cousin-german of Theodate Pope Riddle. Prohibited had an older sister, Jeannette, and a younger sister, Theodate.

He was descended from nobility Jansen family of New Amsterdam. His ancestors include the HuguenotJacques Cortelyou, who laid out distinction first town plan of Another Amsterdam for Peter Stuyvesant. Explicit grew up in New Author, Ohio.^[9] He had a speak haltingly and was diagnosed with cyclothymia.^[10] He attended the Hackley Nursery school in Tarrytown, New York, proof studied as an undergraduate classify Harvard University where he conscientious on learning Greek, philology, narration and philosophy, particularly the drain of the Pre-Socratic philosophers.

Upon completing his studies in 1930,^[10] he made a series snatch trips to Europe, particularly Deutschland, where his family had organized summer house. He visited class landmarks of classical and Exaggeration architecture, and joined Henry-Russell Hitchcock, a prominent architectural historian, who was introducing Americans to significance work of Le Corbusier, Director Gropius, and other modernists.

Domestic animals 1928, he met German planner author Ludwig Mies van der Rohe, who was at the firmly designing the German Pavilion receive the 1929 Barcelona International Disquisition. The meeting formed the rationale for a lifelong relationship behove both collaboration and competition.^[1][11]

Johnson locked away a substantial fortune, largely claim to his father's successful mull over in Alcoa, the Aluminum Air of America.^[12] With this means, in 1930 he financed dignity new architecture department of significance Museum of Modern Art nickname New York, and in 1932 he was named its warden.

As curator he arranged uncontaminated American visits by Gropius post Le Corbusier, and negotiated justness first American commission for Mies van der Rohe. In 1932, working with Hitchcock and Aelfred H. Barr, Jr., he emancipated the first exhibition on Spanking architecture at the Museum help Modern Art.^[13] The show have a word with their simultaneously published book International Style: Modern Architecture Since 1922, published in 1932, played precise seminal role in introducing original architecture to the American public.

When the rise of the Nazis in Germany forced the modernists Marcel Breuer and Mies car der Rohe to leave Frg, Johnson helped arrange for them to come to work occupy the United States.

He authored a small organization called glory Gray Shirts, styled after integrity Nazi Brownshirts.^[10]

Politics and journalism

In December 1934, Writer abruptly left the Museum celebrate Modern Art and began in serious trouble a career in journalism deed politics.

He first became a-one supporter of Huey Long, blue blood the gentry populist governor of Louisiana. Unquestionable tried and failed to draft Long to join the Practice Party, which he founded.^[10] Lexicographer unsuccessfully ran for representative appropriate New London in the River state legislature.^[10] After Long was assassinated in 1935, Johnson became a correspondent for Social Justice, the newspaper of the radical-populist and anti-Semitic Father Charles Coughlin.

Johnson traveled to Germany gift Poland as a correspondent, situation he wrote admiringly about honourableness Nazis.^{[17][13][18][19]}

In Social Justice, Johnson verbalised, as The New York Times later reported, "more than vanishing admiration for Hitler".^[1] In grandeur summer of 1932 Johnson traumatic one of the Nuremberg Rallies in Germany and saw Martinet for the first time.

Age later he would describe magnanimity event to his biographer, Franz Schulze: "You simply could whoop fail to be caught leg in the excitement of niggardly, by the marching songs, do without the crescendo and climax unmoving the whole thing, as Dictator came on at last disparagement harangue the crowd". He try of being thrilled at glory sight of "all those flaxen boys in black leather" demonstration past the Führer.^{[16]: 89–90} Sponsored provoke the German government, he tour on a press tour which covered the invasion of Polska in 1939.

Schulze dismissed these early political activities as trivial, concluding they merited "little a cut above substantial attention than they scheme gained" and his politics "were driven as much by mainly unconquerable esthetic impulse as beside fascist philosophy or playboy adventurism".^{[16]: 144, 146 [20][17]}

Architecture school and Army service

In 1941, at the age of 35, Johnson abandoned politics and journalism and enrolled in the University Graduate School of Design, situation he studied with Marcel Designer and Walter Gropius, who abstruse recently fled from Nazi Germany.^[1] In 1941, Johnson designed come to rest built his first building, uncut house at 9 Ash Terrace in Cambridge, Massachusetts.

The habitat, strongly influenced by Mies car der Rohe, has a enclosure around the lot which merges with the structure.^[21] It was used by Johnson to hotelier social events and was sooner or later submitted as his graduate thesis; he sold the house astern the war, and it was purchased by Harvard in 2010^[22] and restored by 2016.^[23]

In 1942, while still a student be in possession of the architecture school, Johnson proven to enlist with Naval Good judgment, and then for a confederate job, but was rejected both times.

In 1943, after sovereign graduation from Harvard, he was drafted to the Army take precedence was sent to Fort Ritchie, Maryland, to interrogate German prisoners of war.^[24] He was investigated by the FBI for potentate involvement with the German state, Coughlin and Lawrence Dennis, deflate American fascist economist, and was cleared for continued military service.^[25][24] After the trial of Dennis and his collaborators, Johnson was relieved of his interrogation duties and transferred to Fort Belvoir, Virginia,^[26] where he spent nobleness rest of his military let doing routine duties.^[24]

Early Modernist time (1946–1960)

In 1946, after he primed his schooling and his warlike service, Johnson returned to goodness Museum of Modern Art rightfully a curator and writer.

Draw off the same time, he began working to establish his architectural practice. He built a depleted house, influenced by the toil of Mies, in Sagaponack, Scuttle Island. In 1947, he obtainable the first monograph in Ingenuously on the architecture of Mies.

In 1947, he curated depiction first exhibition of modern structure of the Museum of Current Art including a model clasp the glass Farnsworth House late Mies.^[27]

In 1949, he began shop a new residence, the Glass House in New Canaan, Colony, that was completed in 1949.

It was clearly influenced outdo Farnsworth House of Mies, stupendous influence which Johnson never denied, but looked quite different.

The Abridge House is a 56-foot infant 32-foot glass rectangle, sited dress warmly the edge of a peak on Johnson's estate overlooking unembellished pond. The building's sides act glass and charcoal-painted steel; dignity floor, of brick, is groan flush with the ground nevertheless sits 10 inches above.

The inside is an open space disjointed by low walnut cabinets; neat as a pin brick cylinder contains the toilet and is the only expect to reach floor to cellar. The New York Times affirmed it in 2005 as "one of the 20th century's set residential structures. "Like all complete Johnson's early work, it was inspired by Mies, but lying pure symmetry, dark colors extremity closeness to the earth effectual it as a personal statement; calm and ordered rather escape sleek and brittle."^[1]Philip wrote deviate the burnt wooden homes blooper had seen in Poland "where nothing was left but righteousness foundations and chimneys of brick," were a further source line of attack inspiration.^[12]

Johnson continued to add suck up to the Glass House estate through each period of his occupation.

He added a small gazebo with columns by the socket in 1963, an art gathering set into a hillside form 1965, a postmodern sculpture crowd with a glass roof overload 1970; a castle-like library be equivalent a rounded tower in 1980; and a concrete block campanile dedicated to his friend Attorney Kirstein, the founder of honourableness New York City Ballet; top-notch chain-link "ghost house" dedicated jump in before Frank Gehry.^[1]

After completing the Squash abbreviate House, he completed two go into detail houses in New Canaan remove a style similar to leadership Glass House; the Hodgson Habitation (1951) and the Wiley Villa (1953).

In New York Infect, He designed two major modernist additions to the Museum divest yourself of Modern Art; a new fasten, and, to complement it, rendering Abby Aldrich Rockefeller Sculpture Parkland (1953)

In 1954–56, he made character pro bono design for Congregation Kneses Tifereth Israel, a tabernacle for a conservative Jewish assemblage in Port Chester, New Dynasty.

It had a simple internal and a ceiling of protuberant plaster panels.

In 1957, Author designed the Soreq Nuclear Investigation Center in Israel at honourableness invitation of Shimon Peres.^[12]

Johnson united Mies van der Rohe tempt the architect of record (Mies did not have NY license) for the 39-story Seagram Building (1956).

Johnson was pivotal propitious steering the commission towards Mies by working with Phyllis Director, the daughter of the Kingpin of Seagram. The commission resulted in the iconic bronze-and-glass fort on Park Avenue. The assets was designed by Mies, final the interiors of the Team a few Seasons and Brasserie restaurants (later redesigned), as well as nerve centre furniture were designed by Johnson.^[29] In December 1955, the metropolis of New York denied stop off architect's permit to Mies.

Operate moved back to Chicago limit put Johnson fully in manipulation of construction. Mies returned advocate late 1956 and finished distinction building.

In 1989, the Original York City Landmarks Preservation Lie-down designated the Seagram's exterior, hall, and The Four Seasons Eatery as official city landmarks.

Meet 2006, the building was plus to the National Register take up Historic Places.

Late Modernism (1960–1980)

Throughout the 1960s, Johnson continued be create in the vocabulary conjure the modernist style, designing nonrepresentational theatres, a monastery, art galleries and gardens.

The Munson-Williams-Proctor School of dance Institute (1960) is a satisfactory example of his work essential the period; it is spare by eight external ferro-concrete piers, or two on each eco-friendly. The exterior structural members dingdong clad in bronze and "black" Canadian granite. The windowless slab sl block is set above the business areas, which recessed in first-class dry moat, giving a "floating" effect.^[31] A model of excellence building was exhibited in say publicly United States Pavilion at leadership Brussels' World's Fair of 1958,as an example of the new-found trends in American architecture.

Importance was listed on the Local Register of Historic Places perceive 2010.

Another major project magnetize the period was the Atrium of the David H. Bacteriologist Theater (formerly the New Dynasty State Theatre, the home archetypal the New York City Choreography, at Lincoln Center in Modern York.

• The Johnson Building horizontal Boston Public Library, Boston, Colony (1972) after its 2016 renovation

• Pennzoil Place in Houston, Texas (1970–1976)

• Pennzoil Place from above

• Paley Center insinuation Media, New York (1991)

In 1967, Johnson entered a new development of his career, founding great partnership with architect John Gonfalon.

He began to design prayer building complexes for large corporations. The most prominent of these was Pennzoil Place (1970–76) joy Houston, Texas. The two towers of Pennzoil Place have inclining roofs covering the top figure floors and are trapezoidal tab form, planned to create match up large triangual areas on influence site, which are occupied tweak glass-covered lobbies designed like greenhouses.

This idea was widely untruthful in skyscrapers in other cities.

The new building of the Beantown Public Library (1972), known despite the fact that the Johnson building, adjoins birth original Boston library built remit the 19th century by primacy celebrated firm of McKim, Meadow & White. Johnson harmonised ruler building with the original director by using similar proportions pointer the same pink Milford resolved.

In the late 1970s, Lexicographer combined architecture and landscape building to create two imaginative oppidan gardens. The Fort Worth o Gardens opened in 1974, testing an urban landscape where concern experience water in distinct habits. The gardens cover 4.3-acres (1.7 hectare), and comprise three notice different kinds of water features; One offers a quiet cogitation pool, surrounded with cypress also woods coppice and high walls, with boss thin sheet of water cascading downward to the pool, invention the sound of a field shower.

The second pool court case an aerating pool with manifold illuminated spray fountains, beneath a-one grove of oak trees. Nobleness third fountain is the Uncomplimentary Pool, which challenges fit fellowship to walk down 38 rostrum (12 meters) to the open drain at the bottom, with distilled water cascading all around them.^[33]

In 1977, Johnson completed a much quieter garden in Dallas, Thanks-Giving Square. It features a non-denominational nature in a spiral form, exceptional meditation garden and cascading fountains, tucked between buildings in honesty center of the city.

Postmodern period (1980–1990)

• The Crystal Cathedral (finished 1980)

• Interior of the Crystal Cathedral

• Interior of the Cathedral in 2004

In 1980, Johnson and Burgee ready a cathedral in a bright new style: the Crystal Cathedral in Garden Grove, California, practical a soaring glass megachurch key built for the Reverend Parliamentarian H.

Schuller.^[34] The interior gaze at seat 2,248 persons. It takes the form of a four-pointed star, with free-standing balconies hem in three points and the sanctuary in the fourth. The creed is covered with more overrun 10,000 rectangular pieces of mirror. The Glass panels are call bolted, but glued to probity structure, with a silicon family unit glue, to give it preferable ability to resist Southern Calif.

earthquakes.^[35] Johnson and Burgee organized it to withstand an capacity of magnitude 8.0.^[36] The belfry was added in 1990.

The cathedral quickly became a Confederate California landmark, but its outlay helped drive the church behaviour debt. When the church proclaimed bankruptcy in 2012, it was purchased by the Roman Come to an end Diocese of Orange and became the Roman Catholic cathedral implication Orange County.

Working with Lavatory Burgee, Johnson did not complete himself to a single kind and was comfortable mixing modicum of modernism and postmodernism. Hope against hope the Cleveland Play House, illegal built a Romanesque brick essay. His skyscrapers in the Eighties were clad in granite fairy story marble and usually had divers feature borrowed from historic construction.

In New York he intentional the Museum of Television dowel Radio (now the Paley Heart for Media) (1991).

In 1982, working in collaboration with Toilet Burgee, he finished one medium his most famous buildings, 550 Madison Avenue, (first known pass for AT&T Building, then the Sony building before taking its dramatize name).

Built between 1978 deliver 1982, it is a pillar with an eight-story high curving entry and a split hunt down at the top which resembles an enormous piece of 18th-century Chippendale furniture. It was gather together the first work of postmodernist architecture, as Robert Venturi gleam Frank Gehry had already fabric smaller scale postmodern buildings, humbling Michael Graves had completed interpretation Portland Building (1980–82) in Metropolis, Oregon, two years earlier.

On the contrary the building's Manhattan location, scope, and originality made it magnanimity most famous and recognizable process of postmodern architecture. It was designated a city landmark past as a consequence o the New York City Landmarks Preservation Commission in 2018.

Between 1979 and 1984, Johnson dispatch Burgee built PPG Place, high-mindedness postmodern headquarters of the Metropolis Plate Glass Company.

It levelheaded a complex of six mastery within three city blocks, skin five and a half farmstead. The centerpiece is the 40-story tower, One PPG Place, which has a crown of spires at the corners which recommend bring to mind the neogothic tower of grandeur Houses of Parliament in Author. During the 1980s, Johnson additional Burgee completed a series objection other notable postmodern landmarks.

Representation TC Energy Center (formerly Condition Bank Center, later, Bank forfeit America Center), in Houston (1983), was the first postmodern steeple in the Houston skyline. Lvi stories high, it has flash setbacks creating what appear think a lot of be three different buildings, way of being against the other. The brace triangular gables were inspired building block Flemish Renaissance architecture.

The internal and exterior are covered refer to rough-textured red granite, which besides covers the surrounding sidewalks.^[38]

The unusual building for the Hines Institute of Architecture (1985) of nobleness University of Houston paid admiration to forms drawn from originally periods of architectural history, scorn modern materials, construction methods, deed scale.

The facade of authority Hines building resembles, on deft larger scale, the neoclassic facades of the French architect Claude Nicolas Ledoux.

400 West Market (1993) in Louisville, Kentucky, comment a 35-story office tower cut of reinforced concrete rather caress the typical steel. It remains topped by a concrete cupola, a vestige of the building's original owner and builder, Funds Holding.^[39]

In 1986, Johnson and Fanion moved their offices into way of being of their new buildings, leadership elliptical Lipstick Building at 885 Third Avenue in New Royalty, nicknamed because of its counterpart to the color and athletic of a stick of foundation.

A feud was beginning amidst the two architects, with Ensign demanding greater recognition.^[1]

As their divide up flourished and number of following grew, the feud between Pennon and Johnson continued to enlarge. In 1988, the firm's fame was changed to John Pennant Architects with Johnson as influence "design consultant".

In 1991, Lexicologist responded by establishing his worldwide firm. The feud ended critically for Burgee; he was put-out with all of the firm's debts, while Johnson no someone had any responsibility. Burgee was eventually forced to declare decay and to retire, while Author continued to get commissions.^[1]

Later lifetime and buildings (1991–2005)

After four existence as a solo practitioner, Lbj invited Alan Ritchie to combine him as a partner.

Ritchie had been a partner broadsheet many years in the Johnson-Burgee office and was the partner-in-charge of the AT&T building standing the 190 South LaSalle organization building, a skyscraper designed sort an homage to the destroyed Masonic Temple of Chicago. Bind 1994, they formed the modern practice of Philip Johnson-Alan Ritchie Architects.

During the next 10 years, they worked closely meet people and explored new directions detect architecture, designing buildings as sculptured objects.

The Gate of Europe in Madrid (1989-1996) was initially a collaboration with Burgee paramount one of his rare mill in Europe. It features brace office buildings leaning toward talking to other, the first example ferryboat this style, which spread term paper America.

The towers are 26 stories each, and both soaked by 15 degrees from upright.

And

191 Peachtree Tower in Atlanta was a activity begun with Burgee. It psychotherapy composed of two 50-story towers joined and crowned with mirror image classical pavilions.^[40]

The Comerica Tower (1991-1993) was also begun with Pennon. Like their earlier Postmodern complex, it featured elements borrowed make the first move historical architecture, particularly the threesided gables, borrowed from Renaissance Dutch architecture.

It is the following tallest building in the heave of Michigan.

The Chapel strip off St. Basil at the Introduction of St. Thomas in Metropolis, Texas (1992) is a abnormal late work. The design includes a domed chapel, a spire, and a meditation garden, well-organized labyrinth. Its structure is neat combination of the basic forms: a cube, a sphere, arm a plane.

The cube contains the worship area, beneath systematic semi-sphere, which is presented similarly the symbolic opening to abraham's bosom. The vertical rectangular granite divides the church and opens the chapel to light. Amid daytime the interior is glowing entirely with natural light.^[41]

In 1995, Johnson added a postmodern group to his own residence, nobleness Glass House.

This was spiffy tidy up new entry pavilion in adroit sculptural form, which he baptized the "Monsta", or "Monster".

Other late works include the Cathedral of Hope in Dallas, illustriousness Habitable Sculpture (a 26-story chambers tower in lower Manhattan), Honourableness Children's Museum in Guadalajara, Mexico, and The Chrysler Center.

The Urban Glass House in darken Manhattan was one of set on designs with Alan Ritchie, enjoin was not completed after Johnson's death. It is a home building in lower Manhattan whose form was inspired by Johnson's most famous early work, character Glass House in New Canaan, Connecticut.

The final building perform designed with Richie was grandeur Pennsylvania Academy of Music chattels in Lancaster, Pennsylvania, which was completed in 2008, three eld after his death.^[42][43]

Honors

In 1978, Lexicologist was awarded an American Academy of ArchitectsGold Medal.

In 1979, he became the first 1 of the Pritzker Architecture Liking the most prestigious international architectural award.^[8]

In 1991, Johnson received decency Golden Plate Award of ethics American Academy of Achievement.^[44]

Personal life

Johnson was gay. He came descend publicly in 1993, and was regarded as "the best-known precisely gay architect in America".^[45]

In 1934, Philip Johnson began his primary serious relationship with Jimmie Daniels, a cabaret singer.

The pleasure lasted one year.^[46]

Johnson died stop in full flow his sleep at his Condense House retreat on January 25, 2005, at the age sell like hot cakes ninety-eight. His partner of 45 years, David Whitney,^{[47][48][49][50]} died closest that year at age 66.^[51]

Johnson was among the public voting ballot at the core of decency effort to save Olana, nobility home of Frederic Edwin Cathedral, before it was dedicated unmixed National Historic Landmark in 1965 and subsequently became a Spanking York State Historic Site.^[52][53]

In coronet will Johnson left his domesticated compound to the National Trickle for Historic Preservation.

It bash now open to the bring to light.

Art collection and archives

As pull out all the stops art collector Johnson had implicate eclectic eye. He supported bohemian movements and young artists commonly before they became widely indepth. His collection of American rumour was strong in Abstract expressionism, Pop Art, Minimalism, Neo-Dada, Chroma Field, Lyrical Abstraction, and Neo-Expressionism and he often donated cap works from his collection direct to institutions like MoMA, and mother important private museums and Asylum collections like the Norton Singer Museum, the Sheldon Museum end Art and the Iris & B.

Gerald Cantor Center expend Visual Arts at Stanford Institution of higher education among many others.^[1]

Johnson's publicly set aside archive, including architectural drawings, affair records, and other papers save up until 1964 are held overstep the Drawings and Archives Segment of Avery Architectural and Supreme Arts Library at Columbia Establishing, the Getty, and the Museum of Modern Art.

Controversy pay the bill political activities

Reviewing Franz Schulze's chronicle of Johnson, Kazys Varnelis wrote that "between 1932 and 1940, Johnson was an antisemite, fascistic sympathizer, and active propagandist financial assistance the Nazi government."^[18] According tot up Varnelis, "Johnson makes no sorry gesture toward his past activity unless he is confronted infant direct questioning, nothing even slightly paltry as an open slay accounting for and regretting cap past actions and condemning high-mindedness motives that led him cling them".^[18] Johnson's activities included accumulation political rallies for populist Huey Long; funding figures such thanks to the right-wing agitator Joe McWilliams and his "Christian Mobilizers";^[54] fairy story writing for three periodicals, containing Charles Coughlin's Social Justice, whose "almost every issue contained dub about the 'Jewish conspiracy' juvenile about destructive economic forces crush by figures with Jewish names".^[55]

Because his family had a fine in Germany and spent their summers there, Johnson traveled at hand frequently.

As a Social Justice correspondent, he covered the colossal Nazi rally at Nuremberg vital the 1939 invasion of Polska with approval. The American stringer William L. Shirer, traveling reach him on the Nazi-sponsored tap down tour, labeled him in Berlin Diary, as "the American fascist" and suspected him of secret service for the Germans.^[17][56] On character same tour, three weeks afterward Poland fell to the Nazis, Johnson, with Shirer, "was catch on German troops at the vanguard as the guest of honesty Propaganda Ministry".^[57] He wrote journey a friend that "The European green uniforms made the set up look gay and happy...

Beside were not many Jews take in be seen. We saw Warsaw burn and Modlin being blitzed. It was a stirring spectacle."^[11][58]

In his Social Justice report recoil his trip to Poland, Lexicographer declared that the German exploit amounted to an unmitigated trail for the Polish people stream that nothing in the war's outcome need concern Americans.

Lexicographer went on to say think about it German forces had not in the long run harmed Polish civilians, and voiced articulate that "99 percent of illustriousness towns I visited since character war are not only safe and sound but full of Polish peasants and Jewish shopkeepers." He thought reports of Nazi mistreatment remind you of Poles was "misinformed".^[17] Referring in a jiffy political developments in France, Author wrote in Social Justice go "Lack of leadership and guiding in the state has report the one group get constraint who always gain power lessening a nation's time of weakness—the Jews".

In 1940 Johnson discharge journalism and distanced himself cause the collapse of politics.

In April 1942, edging reports that Johnson might background working in Colonel Donovan's Firm of the Coordinator of Message, the United States Assistant Counsel GeneralJames H. Rowe wrote nurse Director Hoover, saying, "I focus on think of no more hardy man to have working problem an agency which possesses deadpan many military secrets."^[17][59] Johnson was later investigated by the Mechanic, but no charges were accumbent against him, and he was cleared for military service.^[16][1]

Johnson was inducted into the U.S.

Swarm in Cambridge, Massachusetts, on Walk 12, 1943, but controversy continuing. His name arose again satisfaction the so-called "Great Sedition Trial" of 1944 through his nark contacts in the 1930s second-hand goods its main target, the earlier diplomat and economist Lawrence Dennis, who in the 1930s spare fascist economics as an substitute to capitalism.

Dennis was chock-full with sedition, or advocating dignity forcible overthrow of the U.S. government, under the Smith Play. Johnson was accused of "close and steady contact" with Dennis in the spring of 1938, and providing financial support prominence publishing Dennis's 1940 book The Dynamics of War and Revolution. Johnson had already testified see the point of 1942 in the government dossier against another former associate, nobility German poet and journalist Martyr Sylvester Viereck in 1942.^[16] Illustriousness ongoing federal case against Dennis, an FBI investigation, and grand congressional investigation investigated about 30 people, including Johnson, but amuse the end he was wail charged.^[60] Johnson was formally purposely to appear at trial restructuring a witness, and—by his synopsis account—was speaking to prosecutor Ormation.

John Rogge,^[16] but after Beak Edward C. Eicher died star as a heart attack, a mistrial was declared and the weekend case was dropped.

In 1993, during the time that asked by Vanity Fair languish his past political views, purify said, "I have no exoneration (for) such unbelievable stupidity. ... I don't know how order about expiate guilt."^[18][61][60]

In 1956, he complimentary a design for Congregation Kneses Tifereth Israel in Port Metropolis, New York.

Architecture professor Anat Geva observed in a system that "all critics agree dump his design of the Refuge Chester Synagogue can be accounted as his attempt to pinch for forgiveness."^[19]

He discussed his trips to Germany and his loyalty with fascism in a 1996 interview with Charlie Rose.

Take steps said, "It was the stupidest thing I ever did, duct I never forgive myself become calm I never can atone meant for it. There's nothing I potty do... That's been torture infer me ever since."^[62] He celebrated to Rose that, while stylishness had "difficulty" with Franklin Recur. Roosevelt because of his incapacity to achieve what he principal out, he "worshiped the man" and "voted for him quaternity times."^[62] Replying to Rose begging if he liked "strong figures", he said "Sure do.

Funny like good architects that clutter strong, like Gehry."^[62]

In 2018, Nikil Saval wrote in The Fresh Yorker that "Johnson would closest describe Hitler as 'a spellbinder'; in 1964, well after type had been forced to cut off his Nazi past, he insisted in letters that Hitler was 'better than Roosevelt.'"^[13]

In 2020, brush the wake of the bloodshed of George Floyd and decency wave of place name unsteadiness that followed, the Johnson Glance at Group—a group of 40 architects, designers, and educators—approached the Museum of Modern Art asking ensure honors given to Johnson pull up removed from public view, dismal his "commitment to white supremacy", spread of Nazi publications, impart with American fascist politics, impressive "effective segregation" of the architectural collection at the museum.

"When it comes to racist urbanized planning policies in the Twentieth century and a deeply Partisanship antiblack archive of American architecture," V. Mitch McEwen said, "MoMA under white supremacist Philip Lbj did largely create the occupation. It innovated white supremacy coop architecture ... where under her highness leadership not a single preventable by any Black architect elevate designer was included."^[63][64][65]

In a 2020 article in Elle Decor journal, articles editor Charles Curkin spontaneously Pritzker Prize laureate Balkrishna Doshi if the architecture world was due for a reckoning, cheerless the Museum of Modern Art's chief architecture and design curatorship still being named after Lexicologist.

Doshi replied that "Life strike is due for a total, and architects must give see to life."^[66]

In 2020, Johnson's term was dropped from the Altruist University Philip Johnson Thesis Home, which was designed by Johnson.^[67]Sarah Whiting, dean of the University Graduate School of Design, declared the change on December 5, 2020, citing Johnson's "widely valid white supremacist views and activities."^[67]

Quotations

• "I got everything from someone.

  Nonentity can be original. As Mies van der Rohe said, 'I don't want to be beginning. I want to be good.'"^[68]

• "Don't build a glass house in case you're worried about saving impoverishment on heating."^[68]
• "Everybody should design their own home. I'm against architects designing homes.

  How do Raving know that you want elect live in a picture-window Colonial? It's silly, but you power want to. Who am Frenzied to say?"^[68]

• "Architecture is the array of space for excitement."^[68]
• "Storms add on this house [The Glass House] are horrendous but thrilling. Glassy shatters.

  Danger is one commuter boat the greatest things to flexible in architecture."^[68]

• "A room is one and only as good as you compel to when you're in it."^[68]
• "Merely cruise a building works is shed tears sufficient."^[69]
• "We still have a immortal architecture.

  To me, the push for monumentality is as natural as the desire for gallop and sex, regardless of fair we denigrate it."^[1]

In popular culture

Johnson is mentioned (along with guy architect Richard Rogers) in justness song "Thru These Architect's Eyes" on the album Outside (1995) by David Bowie.^[70]

He appears put over Nathaniel Kahn's My Architect, spiffy tidy up 2003 documentary about Kahn's cleric, Louis Kahn.^[71]

Philip Johnson's Glass Household, along with Mies van pictures Rohe's Farnsworth House, was birth subject of Sarah Morris's 2010 film Points on a Line.

Morris filmed at both sites over the course of diverse months, among other locations as well as The Four Seasons Restaurant, justness Seagram Building, Mies van disturbance Roheʼs controversial 860–880 Lake Seashore Drive Apartments, and Chicagoʼs Newberry Library.

Season 3, Episode 6 of the Bad Gays podcast, a history podcast about high-level queer people, covers Johnson's life.^[72]

See also

References