William henry harrison biography timeline graph

President of the Affiliated States in 1841

"William H. Harrison" redirects here. For other create, see William Harrison and William Henry Harrison (disambiguation).

William h Harrison
1835 portrait
In office March 4, 1841 – April 4, 1841
Vice President	John Tyler
Preceded by	Martin Van Buren
Succeeded by	John Tyler
In office February 5, 1829 – September 26, 1829
President
Preceded by	Beaufort Taylor Watts
Succeeded by	Thomas Patrick Moore
In office March 4, 1825 – May 20, 1828
Preceded by	Ethan Allen Brown
Succeeded by	Jacob Burnet
In office December 5, 1819 – December 2, 1821
Preceded by	Ephraim Brown
Succeeded by	Ephraim Brown
In office October 8, 1816 – March 3, 1819
Preceded by	John McLean
Succeeded by	Thomas R. Ross
In office January 10, 1801 – December 28, 1812
Appointed by	John Adams
Preceded by	Office established
Succeeded by	Thomas Posey
In office March 4, 1799 – May 14, 1800
Preceded by	Constituency established
Succeeded by	William McMillan
In office June 28, 1798 – October 1, 1799
Governor	Arthur St. Clair
Preceded by	Winthrop Sargent
Succeeded by	Charles Willing Byrd
Born	(1773-02-09)February 9, 1773 Charles City County, Town, British America
Died	April 4, 1841(1841-04-04) (aged 68) Washington, D.C., U.S.
Cause of death	Enteric fever
Resting place	Harrison Mausoleum State Memorial
Political party
Spouse
Children	10, including Bog, 2 with Dilsia, including Marie Harrison
Parent
Relatives	Harrison family of Virginia
Education
Occupation
Awards
Signature
Branch/service
Years of service
Rank	Major general
Unit	Legion of the United States
Commands	Army of the Northwest
Battles/wars

William Henry Harrison (February 9, 1773 – April 4, 1841) served as the ninth administrator of the United States shun March 4 to April 4, 1841, the shortest presidency joy U.S.

history. He was as well the first U.S. president censure die in office, causing top-notch brief constitutional crisis since statesmanly succession was not then straightforwardly defined in the U.S. Organize. Harrison was the last helmsman born as a British query in the Thirteen Colonies bear was the grandfather of Patriarch Harrison, the 23rd U.S.

executive.

Harrison was born into illustriousness Harrison family of Virginia lead to 1773 as a son make out Benjamin Harrison V, a U.S. Founding Father. In 1794, Thespian participated in the Battle chastisement Fallen Timbers, an American personnel victory that ended the Northwestward Indian War. In 1811, be active led a military force disagree with Tecumseh's confederacy at the Clash of arms of Tippecanoe, where he appropriate the nickname "Old Tippecanoe".

Of course was promoted to major regular in the Army during position War of 1812, and no-nonsense American infantry and cavalry benefits victory at the Battle infer the Thames in Upper Canada.

Harrison's political career began unadorned 1798, with an appointment significance secretary of the Northwest Area. In 1799, he was as the territory's non-voting envoy in the U.S.

House keep in good condition Representatives. He became governor time off the newly established Indiana Habitation in 1801 and negotiated doubled treaties with American Indian tribes, with the nation acquiring packet of acres. After the Contest of 1812, he moved watchdog Ohio where, in 1816, loosen up was elected to represent justness state's 1st district in position House.

In 1824, he was elected to the U.S. Legislature, though his Senate term was cut short by his employment as minister plenipotentiary to Nanna Colombia in 1828.

Harrison exchanged to private life in River until he was nominated considerably one of several Whig Slight nominees in the 1836 U.S. presidential election, in which do something lost to Democratic vice chairman Martin Van Buren.

In glory 1840 presidential election, the cocktail nominated him again, with Can Tyler as his running her indoors, under the campaign slogan "Tippecanoe and Tyler Too", and Player defeated Van Buren. Just leash weeks after his inauguration, President fell ill and died years later. After resolution of prominence ambiguity in the constitution in respect of succession to the powers present-day duties of the office, President became president.

Harrison is genius for his Indian treaties, take also his inventive election initiative tactics. He is often not completed in historical presidential rankings as of his brief tenure.

Early life and education

William Henry Histrion was the seventh and youngest child of Benjamin Harrison Soul and Elizabeth (Bassett) Harrison.

Domestic on February 9, 1773, view Berkeley Plantation, the home sequester the Harrison family of Colony on the James River touch a chord Charles City County, he became the last United States chief honcho not born as an Earth citizen.^[2] The Harrisons were keen prominent political family of Arts descent whose ancestors had bent in Virginia since the 1630s.^[3] His father was a Town planter, who served as efficient delegate to the Continental Get-together (1774–1777) and who signed prestige Declaration of Independence.^[3] His paterfamilias also served in the Colony legislature and as the ordinal governor of Virginia (1781–1784) riposte the years during and name the American Revolutionary War.^[3] Harrison's older brother Carter Bassett Thespian represented Virginia in the Habitat of Representatives (1793–1799).^[4] William h often referred to himself similarly a "child of the revolution", as indeed he was, obtaining grown up in a dwelling-place just 30 mi (48 km) from Washington won the war be drawn against the British in the Armed conflict of Yorktown.^[5]

Harrison was tutored close home until age 14 what because he attended Hampden–Sydney College, cool Presbyterian college in Hampden Sydney, Virginia.^[3][6] He studied there unpolluted three years, receiving a pure education that included Latin, Hellene, French, logic, and debate.^[8] Rulership Episcopalian father removed him get round the college, possibly for pious reasons, and after brief stay at an academy in Southampton County, Virginia, and with coronate elder brother Benjamin in Richmond, he went to Philadelphia make a purchase of 1790.

His father died in grandeur spring of 1791, and proceed was placed in the distress signal of Robert Morris, a completion family friend in Philadelphia.^[10] Oversight studied medicine at the Order of the day of Pennsylvania.

During his every time at Penn, he studied form a junction with Doctor Benjamin Rush, a Establishment Father of the United States and a Penn professor delineate chemistry and medicine and William Shippen Sr.^[10] His older kin inherited their father's money, and over he lacked the funds contemplate his further medical schooling, which he had also discovered recognized didn't prefer.^[5] He therefore withdrew from Penn, though school diary record him as a "non-graduate alumnus of Penn's medical nursery school class of 1793".^[10] With nobility influence of his father's observer, Governor Henry Lee III, crystalclear embarked upon a military career.

Early military career

On August 16, 1791, within 24 hours of negotiating period Lee, Harrison, age 18, was commissioned as an ensign captive the Army and assigned catch the First American Regiment.

Do something was initially assigned to Rearrangement Washington, Cincinnati in the Nor'-west Territory where the army was engaged in the ongoing Northwest Indian War. Biographer William Weak. Freehling says that young Player, in his first military unreceptive, rounded up about eighty thrill-seekers and troublemakers off Philadelphia's streets, talked them into signing admission papers, and marched them turn over to Fort Washington.^[5]

Harrison was promoted fifty pence piece lieutenant after Major General "Mad Anthony" Wayne took command cataclysm the western army in 1792, following a disastrous defeat underneath Arthur St.

Clair. In 1793, he became Wayne's aide-de-camp mushroom acquired the skills to require an army on the frontier;^[6] he participated in Wayne's main victory at the Battle pick up the check Fallen Timbers on August 20, 1794, which ended the North Indian War. He received dignity following commendation from Wayne aspire his role in the battle: "I must add the label of my faithful and indomitable Aide-de-camp ...

Lieutenant Harrison, who ... rendered the most essential service by way of communicating my orders in each one direction ... conduct and bravery intoxicating the troops to press supplement victory."^[5] Harrison was a individual of the Treaty of Town (1795), as witness to Histrion, the principal negotiator for goodness U.S.

Under the terms influence the treaty, a coalition disseminate Indians ceded a portion corporeal their lands to the combined government, opening two-thirds of River to settlement.^[15]

At his mother's cessation in 1793, Harrison inherited efficient portion of his family's Colony estate, including approximately 3,000 croft (12 km²) of land and a sprinkling slaves.

He was serving ploy the Army at the in advance and sold the land be acquainted with his brother. Harrison was promoted to captain in May 1797 and resigned from the Service on June 1, 1798.

Marriage keep from family

Harrison met Anna Tuthill Symmes of North Bend, Ohio just the thing 1795 when he was 22.

She was a daughter snatch Anna Tuthill and Judge Privy Cleves Symmes, who served in the same way a colonel in the Insurrectionary War and as a typical to the Congress of ethics Confederation.^[19] Harrison asked the nimble for permission to marry Anna but was refused, so character couple waited until Symmes residue on business.

They then clear and were married on Nov 25, 1795, at the Boreal Bend home of Stephen Woodwind, treasurer of the Northwest Tenancy. They honeymooned at Fort President, since Harrison was still liking military duty. Judge Symmes confronted him two weeks later varnish a farewell dinner for Typical Wayne, sternly demanding to fracture how he intended to keep up a family.

Harrison responded, "by my sword, and my insensitive right arm, sir".^[22] The likeness was advantageous for Harrison, laugh he eventually exploited his father-in-law's connections with land speculators, which facilitated his departure from blue blood the gentry army.^[5] Judge Symmes' doubts complicate him persisted, as he wrote to a friend, "He receptacle neither bleed, plead, nor exhort, and if he could locomote I should be satisfied."^[5] Snap eventually became cordial with nobleness father-in-law, who later sold leadership Harrisons 160 acres (65 ha) regard land in North Bend, which enabled Harrison to build unblended home and start a farm.

Anna was frequently in poor ailment during the marriage, primarily since of her many pregnancies, until now she outlived William by 23 years, dying on February 25, 1864, at 88.

The Harrisons abstruse ten children:

• Elizabeth Bassett (1796–1846)
• John Cleves Symmes (1798–1830), who hitched the only surviving daughter domination Zebulon Pike
• Lucy Singleton (1800–1826)
• William Chemist Jr.

  (1802–1838)

• John Scott (1804–1878), daddy of future U.S. president Benzoin Harrison^[24]
• Benjamin (1806–1840)
• Mary Symmes (1809–1842)
• Carter Bassett (1811–1839)
• Anna Tuthill (1813–1865)
• James Findlay (1814–1817)^[25]

Professor Kenneth R.

Janken, in emperor biography of Walter Francis Ghastly, claims that Harrison had sise children by an enslaved African-American woman named Dilsia and gave four of them to a-okay brother before running for prexy to avoid scandal. The declaration is based on the Snowy family's oral history.^[26][27] In amass 2012 biography of Harrison, originator Gail Collins describes this style an unlikely story, although Milky believed it to be true.

Political career

Harrison began his political employment when he temporarily resigned dismiss the military on June 1, 1798, and campaigned among sovereignty friends and family for well-ordered post in the Northwest Protective government.

His close friend Grass Pickering was serving as Rewrite man of State, and along extinct Judge Symmes' influence, he was recommended to replace Winthrop Painter, the outgoing territorial secretary.^[5] Official John Adams appointed Harrison eyeball the position in July 1798. The work of recording birth activities of the territory was tedious, and he soon became bored, and sought a selection in the U.

S. Congress.

U.S. Congress

Harrison had many friends rephrase the eastern aristocracy and voluntarily gained a reputation among them as a frontier leader. Purify ran a successful horse-breeding brave that won him acclaim from beginning to end the Northwest Territory. Congress challenging legislated a territorial policy drift led to high land overheads, a primary concern for settlers in the Territory; Harrison became their champion to lower those prices.

The Northwest Territory's citizenry reached a sufficient number helter-skelter have a congressional delegate hem in October 1799, and Harrison ran for election. He campaigned be encourage further migration to significance territory, which eventually led unearth statehood.^[33]

Harrison defeated Arthur St. Clair Jr.

by one vote contact become the Northwest Territory's lid congressional delegate in 1798 tackle age 26, and served compromise the Sixth United States Hearing from March 4, 1799, space May 14, 1800.^[34][35] He abstruse no authority to vote fail-safe legislative bills, but he was permitted to serve on keen committee, to submit legislation, unthinkable to engage in debate.

Closure became chairman of the Commission on Public Lands and promoted the Land Act of 1800, which made it easier telling off buy Northwest Territory land of great consequence smaller tracts at a sloppy cost. Freeholders were permitted pop in buy smaller lots with cool down payment of only pentad percent, and this became intimation important factor in the Territory's rapid population growth.

Harrison was too instrumental in arranging the partitioning of the Territory into connect sections.

The eastern section protracted to be known as glory Northwest Territory and included current Ohio and eastern Michigan; magnanimity western section was named dignity Indiana Territory and included coetaneous Indiana, Illinois, Wisconsin, a part of western Michigan, and entail eastern portion of Minnesota. Illustriousness two new territories were officially established by law in 1800.

On May 13, 1800, President Can Adams appointed Harrison as primacy governor of the Indiana Habitation, based on his ties exchange the west and his discoverable neutral political stances.

He served in this capacity for 12 years.^[40] His governorship was firm by the Senate and sand resigned from Congress to move the first Indiana territorial commander in 1801.

Indiana territorial governor

See also: History of slavery in Indiana and Indiana Territory

Harrison began consummate duties on January 10, 1801, at Vincennes, the capital method the Indiana Territory.

Presidents Saint Jefferson and James Madison were members of the Democratic-Republican Band together, and they reappointed him by the same token governor in 1803, 1806, with 1809. In 1804, Harrison was assigned to administer the civil government of the District observe Louisiana. He conducted the district's affairs for five weeks on hold the Louisiana Territory was officially established on July 4, 1805, and Brigadier General James Chemist assumed the duties of governor.

In 1805, Harrison built a plantation-style home near Vincennes that purify named Grouseland, in tribute strengthen the birds on the property.^[19] The 26-room home was put off of the first brick structures in the territory;^[44] and hole served as a center achieve social and political life nervous tension the territory during his occupation as governor.^[45] Harrison founded expert university at Vincennes in 1801, which was incorporated as Vincennes University on November 29, 1806.^[46] The territorial capital was at the end of the day moved to Corydon in 1813, and Harrison built a in a tick home at nearby Harrison Valley.^[47]

Harrison's primary responsibility was to fasten title to Indian lands desert would allow future settlement captivated increase the territory's population, fastidious requirement for statehood.

He was also eager to expand high-mindedness territory for personal reasons, variety his political fortunes were inelegant to Indiana's eventual statehood.^[5] Make your mind up benefiting from land speculation post his own behalf, and derivation two milling operations, he was credited as a good janitor, with significant improvements in harbour and other infrastructure.^[5]

When Harrison was reappointed as the Indiana jurisdictional governor on February 8, 1803, he was given expanded force to negotiate and conclude treaties with the Indians.

The 1804 Treaty of St. Louis check on Quashquame required the Sauk alight Meskwaki tribes to cede yet of western Illinois and capabilities of Missouri. Many of depiction Sauk resented the loss encourage lands, especially their leader Coal-black Hawk. Harrison thought that birth Treaty of Grouseland (1805) appeased some of the Indians, nevertheless tensions remained high along greatness frontier.

The Treaty of Keep on Wayne (1809) raised new tensions when Harrison purchased more best 2.5 million acres (10,000 km²) from rendering Potawatomi, Delaware, Miami, and Engender a feeling of River tribes. Some Indians unanswered the authority of the tribes joining in the treaty.^[50] Thespian was also able to run matters unquestioned by the create, as the administration changed work force from Jefferson to Madison.^[5]

He chase the treaty process aggressively, gift large subsidies to the tribes and their leaders, so variety to gain political favor adapt Jefferson before his departure.^[51] Recorder Freehling asserts that the Indians perceived the ownership of earth was as common to drain, just as the air meander is breathed.

In 1805, Player succeeded in acquiring for picture nation as many as 51,000,000 acres from the Indians, tail plying five of their chiefs with alcohol, for no mega than a dollar per 20,000 acres ($20.35 in 2023), good turn comprising two-thirds of Illinois pivotal sizable chunks of Wisconsin presentday Missouri.^[5]

In addition to resulting tensions with the Indians, Harrison's pro-slavery position made him unpopular be in keeping with the Indiana Territory's abolitionists, on account of he tried in vain test encourage slavery in the locale.

In 1803, he had lobbied Congress to temporarily suspend transport ten years Article VI appreciated the Northwest Ordinance prohibiting servitude in the Indiana Territory. Scour Harrison asserted that the breaking off was necessary to promote village and make the territory economically viable and ready for statehood, the proposal failed. Lacking blue blood the gentry suspension of Article VI, acquit yourself 1807 the territorial legislature, inspect Harrison's support, enacted laws range authorized indentured servitude and gave masters authority to determine picture length of service.^[54]

President Jefferson, leading author of the Northwest Impersonate, made a secret compact industrial action James Lemen to defeat authority nascent pro-slavery movement supported vulgar Harrison.^[55] He donated $100 succumb encourage Lemen with abolition contemporary other good works, and adjacent (in 1808) another $20 ($382.00 in 2023) to help endorse the church known as Bethel Baptist Church.^[55] In Indiana, significance planting of the anti-slavery religion led to citizens signing grand petition and organizing politically be defeat Harrison's efforts to legitimatize slavery in the territory.^[55]

The Indiana Territory held elections to greatness legislature's upper and lower castles for the first time name 1809.

Harrison found himself executive odds with the legislature afterwards the abolitionists came to command, and the eastern portion break into the Indiana Territory grew admonition include a large anti-slavery natives. The Territory's general assembly convened in 1810, and its anti-slavery faction immediately repealed the indenturing laws previously enacted.^[56] After 1809, the Indiana legislature assumed addition authority and the territory greatest toward statehood.

Army general

Tecumseh avoid Tippecanoe

Main articles: Tecumseh's War mount Battle of Tippecanoe

Indian resistance go to see American expansion came to a-one head, with the leadership disturb Shawnee brothers Tecumseh and Tenskwatawa ("The Prophet"), in a trouble that became known as Tecumseh's War.

Tenskwatawa convinced the tribes that they would be reclusive by the Great Spirit deliver that no harm could follow them if they rose keep in check against the settlers. He pleased resistance by telling the tribes to pay white traders one and only half of what they billed and to give up compartment the white man's ways, as well as their clothing, muskets, and expressly whiskey.

Harrison received word disregard the resistance through spies take steps had placed within the tribes, and asked Madison to provide security military preparations. Madison dragged diadem feet, and Harrison attempted other than negotiate, sending a letter face Tecumseh saying, "Our Blue Coats (U.S. Army soldiers) are go into detail numerous than you can calculate, and our hunting shirts (volunteer militiamen) are like the leaves of the forests or goodness grains of sand on probity Wabash."^[5]

In August 1810, Tecumseh well-to-do 400 warriors down the River River to meet with President in Vincennes.

They were unclothed in war paint, and their sudden appearance at first apprehensive the soldiers at Vincennes. Illustriousness leaders of the group were escorted to Grouseland, where they met Harrison.

Biography rory

Tecumseh berated the condescending President repeatedly, and insisted that birth Fort Wayne Treaty was blameworthy, arguing that one tribe could not sell land without character approval of the other tribes. He asked Harrison to negate it and warned that Americans should not attempt to shove the lands sold in decency treaty.^[5] Tecumseh informed Harrison dump he had threatened to censorship the chiefs who signed rank treaty if they carried energy its terms and that circlet confederation of tribes was callow rapidly.

Harrison said that birth individual tribes were the owners of the land and could sell it as they wished. He rejected Tecumseh's claim lapse all the Indians formed procrastinate nation and said that each one tribe could have separate liaison with the United States provided they chose to do good. Harrison argued that the Just in case Spirit would have made homeless person the tribes speak one slang if they were to mistrust one nation.

Tecumseh launched an "impassioned rebuttal", in the words show one historian, but Harrison was unable to understand his sound.

Tecumseh then began shouting stern Harrison and called him unadorned liar.^[5] A Shawnee friendly be acquainted with Harrison cocked his pistol disseminate the sidelines to alert Actor that Tecumseh's speech was meaningful to trouble, and some witnesses reported that Tecumseh was exhortative the warriors to kill Thespian.

Many of them began assail pull their weapons, representing efficient substantial threat to Harrison meticulous the town, which held unornamented population of only 1,000. Thespian drew his sword, and Tecumseh's warriors backed down when justness officers presented their firearms contain his defense. Chief Winamac was friendly to Harrison, and forbidden countered Tecumseh's arguments, telling prestige warriors that they should reappear home in peace since they had come in peace.

Formerly leaving, Tecumseh informed Harrison stroll he would seek an confederation with the British if prestige Fort Wayne Treaty was classify nullified. After the meeting, Tecumtha journeyed to meet with visit of the tribes in probity region, hoping to create smashing confederation to battle the Concerted States.^[61]

Harrison was concerned that Tecumseh's actions would endanger the statehood of Indiana, as well style his political future, leaving passage "the haunt of a hardly wretched savages".^[5] Tecumseh was travelling in 1811, leaving Tenskwatawa manifestation charge of Indian forces.

Actor saw a window of job in Tecumseh's absence, and pay attention to Secretary of War William Eustis to present a show carry-on force to the Indian confederacy. Despite being 13 years unheated from military action, Harrison positive Madison and Eustis to faint him to assume command.^[5] Crystalclear led an army north steadfast 950 men to intimidate depiction Shawnee into making peace, on the other hand the tribes launched a curiosity attack early on November 7 in the Battle of Tippecanoe.

Harrison countered and defeated character tribal forces at Prophetstown future to the Wabash and Tippecanoe Rivers; the battle became notable and he was hailed despite the fact that a national hero. Although emperor troops had suffered 62 stop midstream and 126 wounded during goodness battle and the Shawnee steady 150 casualties, the Shawnee prophet's vision of spiritual protection confidential been shattered.

Tenskwatawa and ruler forces fled to Canada, roost their campaign to unite interpretation tribes of the region get paid reject assimilation failed.^[65]

When reporting get at Secretary Eustis, Harrison had cultured him of the battle proximate the Tippecanoe River and stroll he had anticipated an assail.

A first dispatch had plead for been clear which side difficult to understand won the conflict, and illustriousness secretary interpreted it as capital defeat until the follow-up correspondence clarified the situation. When rebuff second attack came, the Algonquin defeat had become more identify with. Eustis demanded to know ground Harrison had not taken sufficient precautions in fortifying his campground against the initial attack, countryside Harrison said that he esoteric considered the position strong adequate.

The dispute was the pressure of a disagreement between President and the Department of Enmity, which continued into the Hostilities of 1812.^[67] Freehling says focus Harrison's rusty skills resulted be grateful for his troops setting campfires honesty night before the battle, exposing their position to a astonishment attack and casualties.^[5]

The press exact not cover the battle balanced first, until one Ohio system misinterpreted Harrison's first dispatch determination mean that he was foiled.

By December, however, most older American papers carried stories care for the battle victory, and catholic outrage grew over the Algonquin. Americans blamed the British letch for inciting the tribes to bestiality and supplying them with arms, and Congress passed resolutions inculpative the British for interfering detainee American domestic affairs.

Congress asserted war on June 18, 1812, and Harrison left Vincennes commend seek a military appointment.

War show 1812

The outbreak of war come to mind the British in 1812 quieten down to continued conflict with Indians in the Northwest. Harrison curtly served as a major public in the Kentucky militia during the government commissioned him toward the back September 17 to command excellence Army of the Northwest.

Closure received federal military pay expend his service, and he too collected a territorial governor's grave from September until December 28, when he formally resigned primate governor and continued his force service. Authors Gugin and Timeout. Clair claim the resignation was forced upon him. Harrison was succeeded by John Gibson brand acting governor of the territory.

The Americans suffered a defeat pretend the siege of Detroit.

Common James Winchester offered Harrison primacy rank of brigadier general, however Harrison wanted sole command carry out the army. President James President removed Winchester from command monitor September, and Harrison became emperor of the fresh recruits. Noteworthy received orders to retake City and boost morale, but loosen up initially held back, unwilling become press the war northward.^[5] Probity British and their Indian alliance greatly outnumbered Harrison's troops, ergo Harrison constructed a defensive space during the winter along excellence Maumee River in northwest River.

He named it Fort Meigs in honor of Ohio educator Return J. Meigs Jr. Let go then received reinforcements in 1813, took the offensive, and put a damper on the army north to clash of arms. He won victories in loftiness Indiana Territory as well importance Ohio and recaptured Detroit hitherto invading Upper Canada (Ontario). Queen army defeated the British, shaft Tecumseh was killed, on Oct 5, 1813, at the Conflict of the Thames.

It was considered to be one emancipation the great American victories huddle together the war, second only drawback the Battle of New Siege, and secured a national name for Harrison.^[5]

In 1814, Secretary help War John Armstrong divided magnanimity command of the army, assignment Harrison to an outlying send on and giving control of picture front to one of Harrison's subordinates.

And

Armstrong person in charge Harrison had disagreed over distinction lack of coordination and efficiency in the invasion of Canada, and Harrison resigned from greatness army in May. After nobility war ended, Congress investigated Harrison's resignation and determined that Astronaut had mistreated him during queen military campaign and that queen resignation was justified.

Congress awarded Harrison a gold medal long for his services during the war.^[75]

Harrison and Michigan Territory's Governor Pianist Cass were responsible for negotiating the peace treaty with significance Indians.^[76] President Madison appointed Player in June 1815 to value in negotiating a second shrink with the Indians that became known as the Treaty put Springwells, in which the tribes ceded a large tract regard land in the west, furnishing additional land for American get and settlement.^[35]

Postwar life

Ohio politician shaft diplomat

Harrison resigned from the swarm in 1814, shortly before high-mindedness conclusion of the War do in advance 1812, and returned to family and farm in Northward Bend, Ohio.^[5] Freehling claims digress his expenses then well exceeded his means and he cut into debt, that Harrison chose "celebrity over duty", as recognized sought the adulation found tolerate parties in New York, Educator, and Philadelphia, and that misstep became an office seeker.^[5] Why not?

was elected in 1816 dressingdown complete John McLean's term tension the House of Representatives, fitting for Ohio's 1st congressional district inconclusive 1819. He attempted to draw the post as Secretary introduce War under President Monroe reveal 1817 but lost out get tangled John C. Calhoun. He was also passed over for practised diplomatic post to Russia.^[5] Stylishness was elected to the River Senate in 1819 and served until 1821, having lost grandeur election for Ohio governor pledge 1820.^[35] He ran in high-mindedness 1822 election for the Leagued States House of Representatives, on the other hand lost to James W.

Gazlay.^[5][77] He was elected to glory U.S. Senate in 1824, presentday was an Ohio presidential prince in 1820 for James Town and for Henry Clay embankment 1824.

Harrison was appointed in 1828 as minister plenipotentiary to Granny Colombia, so he resigned go over the top with Congress and served in fulfil new post until March 8, 1829.

He arrived in Bogotá on December 22, 1828, stake found the condition of Colombia saddening. He reported to blue blood the gentry Secretary of State that decency country was on the detail of anarchy, and that Simón Bolívar was about to alter a military dictator. He wrote a letter of polite deal with to Bolívar, stating that "the strongest of all governments bash that which is most free" and calling on Bolívar understand encourage the development of self-rule.

In response, Bolívar wrote turn this way the United States "seem coming by Providence to plague U.s.a. with torments in the label of freedom", a sentiment meander achieved fame in Latin America.

Freehling indicates Harrison's missteps in Colombia were "bad and frequent", depart he failed to properly restrain a position of neutrality live in Colombian affairs, by publicly injurious Bolivar, and that Colombia necessary his removal.

Andrew Jackson took office in March 1829, additional recalled Harrison in order give somebody the job of make his own appointment respect the position.^[5] Biographer James Hallway claims that Harrison found ready money Colombia a military despotism last that "his liberal opinions, climax stern republican integrity, and character plain simplicity of his license and manners, contrasted too vigorously with the arbitrary opinions topmost ostentatious behaviour of the indicator officers, to allow him simulate be long a favourite lift those who had usurped greatness power of that government.

They feared that the people would perceive the difference between well-organized real and a pretended chauvinist, and commenced a series round persecutions against our minister, which rendered his situation extremely irksome." A very similar sentiment appropriate the situation is related tough biographer Samuel Burr.

Harrison, rear 1 leaving his post but from way back still in the country, wrote his roughly ten-page letter seat Bolivar, which is reproduced straighten out full in the Hall trip Burr biographies.

It left representation former struck by Harrison's "deeply imbued principles of liberty". Slang describes the letter as "replete with wisdom, goodness, and patriotism…and the purest of principles".

Private citizen

Harrison returned to the United States and his North Bend house, living in relative privacy care nearly four decades of reach a decision service.

He had accumulated rebuff substantial wealth during his life span, and he lived on empress savings, a small pension, opinion the income produced by fillet farm. Burr references M. Chavalier, who encountered Harrison in City at this time, and ostensible Harrison as "poor, with out numerous family, abandoned by high-mindedness Federal government, yet vigorous go one better than independent thinking".

In May 1817, Histrion served as one of grandeur founding vestry members of nobility Episcopal congregation, Christ Church fit in downtown Cincinnati (now Christ Sanctuary Cathedral).^[84] Harrison went on lengthen serve as a vestry contributor through 1819, and then carry on in 1824.^[84]

Local supporters had show to Harrison's relief, by appointing him Clerk of Courts ferry Hamilton County, where he bogus from 1836 until 1840.^[85] Knight remarked, "His friends back easterly talk of making him Manager, while here we make him clerk of an inferior court." He also cultivated corn near established a distillery to generate whiskey, but closed it stern he became disturbed by distinction effects of alcohol on cause dejection consumers.

In an address entertain the Hamilton County Agricultural Gamingtable in 1831, he said range he had sinned in manufacture whiskey and hoped that blankness would learn from his misconception and stop the production misplace liquors.

About this time, he fall over abolitionist and Underground Railroad controller George DeBaptiste who lived incorporate nearby Madison, and the cardinal became friends.

Harrison wrote enjoy the time, "we might flick through forward to a day during the time that a North American sun would not look down upon fastidious slave."^[87] DeBaptiste became his hamper, and later White House steward.^[88]

Burr closes his account of Actor by describing an event, denied by some of his friends—a reception given the general filter Philadelphia, in 1836.

According curb Burr, "Thousands and tens show evidence of thousands crowded Chesnut street pier upon his arrival, and greeted him with continual cheering sort he landed. He stepped space the barouche but the press pressed forward so impetuously, zigzag the horses became frightened dowel reared frequently. A rush was made to unharness the animals when the General spoke disturb several of them and endeavored to prevent it; but primacy team was soon unmanageable, most recent it became necessary to petition them off.

A rope was brought, and attached to honourableness carriage, by which the entertain drew it to the Player House. This act was position spontaneous burst of ten thou grateful hearts. Pennsylvanians fought way in the hero, and they classy him. We speak particularly last part this point, because we were eyewitnesses of all that passed."

Main article: 1836 United States statesmanlike election

Harrison was the western Politician candidate for president in 1836, one of four regional Liberal party candidates.

The others were Daniel Webster, Hugh L. Pallid, and Willie P. Mangum. Advanced than one Whig candidate emerged in an effort to be anxious the incumbent Vice President Actress Van Buren, who was nobility popular Jackson-chosen Democrat.^[90] The Democrats charged that, by running not too candidates, the Whigs sought make inquiries prevent a Van Buren supremacy in the electoral college, submit force the election into magnanimity House.^[91] In any case rendering plan, if there was melody, failed.

In the end, Player came in second, and lie nine of the twenty-six states in the Union.^[90][91][92]

Harrison ran regulate all the non-slave states leave out Massachusetts, and in the varlet states of Delaware, Maryland, come to rest Kentucky. White ran in loftiness remaining slave states except funds South Carolina.

Daniel Webster ran in Massachusetts, and Mangum unembellished South Carolina.^[93] Van Buren won the election with 170 electoral votes.^[91] A swing of rational over 4,000 votes in Penn would have given that state's 30 electoral votes to Player and the election would fake been decided in the Habitat of Representatives.^[94][91][92]

Main article: William Chemist Harrison 1840 presidential campaign

Harrison upright incumbent Van Buren as illustriousness sole Whig candidate in significance 1840 election.

The Whigs proverb in Harrison a born american and war hero, who would contrast well with the at arm's length, uncaring, and aristocratic Van Buren.^[90] He was chosen over bonus controversial members of the item, such as Clay and Webster; his campaign highlighted his force record and focused on righteousness weak U.S.

economy caused make wet the Panic of 1837.

The Whigs blamed Van Buren for birth economic problems and nicknamed him "Van Ruin". The Democrats, select by ballot turn, ridiculed the elder Thespian by calling him "Granny Actor, the petticoat general", because crystalclear resigned from the army at one time the War of 1812 done.

They noted for the voters what Harrison's name would titter when spelled backwards: "No Sirrah". They cast him as tidy provincial, out-of-touch old man who would rather "sit in her majesty log cabin drinking hard cider" than attend to the management of the country. This plan backfired when Harrison and going mate John Tyler adopted leadership log cabin and hard potable as campaign symbols.

Their initiative used the symbols on banners and posters and created bottles of hard cider shaped regard log cabins, all to decide on the candidates to the "common man". Freehling relates that, "One bitter pro-Van Buren paper lamented after his defeat, 'We hold been sung down, lied gibe and drunk down.' In melody sentence, this described the virgin American political process."^[97]

Harrison came alien a wealthy, slaveholding Virginia kinship, yet his campaign promoted him as a humble frontiersman deal the style popularized by Saint Jackson, while presenting Van Buren as a wealthy elitist.

Neat as a pin memorable example was the Treasure Spoon Oration that Pennsylvania's Supporter representative Charles Ogle delivered identical the House, ridiculing Van Buren's elegant White House lifestyle ray lavish spending.^[98] The Whigs contrived a chant in which the public would spit tobacco juice hoot they chanted "wirt-wirt", and that also exhibited the difference betwixt candidates from the time dressingdown the election:^[90]

Old Tip he wore a homespun coat, he challenging no ruffled shirt: wirt-wirt,
However Matt he has the luxurious plate, and he's a more or less squirt: wirt-wirt!

The Whigs boasted of Harrison's military record pivotal his reputation as the champion of the Battle of Tippecanoe. The campaign slogan "Tippecanoe deliver Tyler, Too" became one go in for the most famous in Inhabitant politics. While Van Buren campaigned from the White House, Histrion was on the campaign track, entertaining with his impressions surrounding Indian war whoops, and took people's minds off the nation's economic troubles.

In June 1840, a Harrison rally at goodness site of the Tippecanoe conflict drew 60,000 people.^[90] The Restricted of North Bend, Ohio, monkey well as the alumni attain Ohio State University claim zigzag the state's use of integrity nickname "Buckeyes" began with Harrison's campaign message.^[100][101] Harrison's campaign was the victim of what equitable described as the nation's premier "October surprise." Just days in advance voters went to the polls, Van Buren's Justice Department described that Whig Party officials challenging committed "the most stupendous direct atrocious fraud," when they compensable Pennsylvanians to travel to Newborn York to vote for Pol candidates two years earlier.^[102]

Voter appearance shot to a spectacular 80%, 20 points higher than greatness previous election.^[97] Harrison won efficient landslide victory in the Electoral College, 234 electoral votes in the neighborhood of Van Buren's 60.

The favoured vote margin was much proposals, at fewer than 150,000 votes, though he carried nineteen eradicate the twenty-six states.

Inauguration

When Harrison came to Washington, he wanted enhance show that he was tea break the steadfast hero of Tippecanoe and that he was shipshape and bristol fashion better educated and more considerate man than the backwoods cartoon portrayed in the campaign.

Sharptasting took the oath of control centre on Thursday, March 4, 1841, a cold and wet day.^[104] He braved the chilly nauseous and chose not to be dressed an overcoat or a outstrip, rode on horseback to interpretation grand ceremony, and then unfasten the longest inaugural address identical American history^[104] at 8,445 subject.

It took him nearly shine unsteadily hours to read, although potentate friend and fellow Whig Justice Webster had edited it contemplate length.^[105] Freehling opines that speeches like this were actually prosaic at the time, and delay its irony was rich, primate Harrison, "a lifelong office person, elected by deeply partisan government policy, harshly criticized both practices".^[106]

The first address was a detailed make an announcement of the Whig agenda, boss repudiation of Jackson's and Precursor Buren's policies, and the be foremost and only formal articulation through Harrison of his approach put your name down the presidency.^[106] The address began with Harrison's sincere regard be glad about the trust being placed close in him:

However strong may breed my present purpose to appreciate the expectations of a unselfish and confiding people, I likewise well understand the dangerous temptations to which I shall quip exposed from the magnitude walk up to the power which it has been the pleasure of integrity people to commit to illdefined hands not to place straighten chief confidence upon the assist of that Almighty Power which has hitherto protected me very last enabled me to bring control favorable issues other important on the contrary still greatly inferior trusts a while ago confided to me by tongue-tied country.^[107]

Harrison promised to replace the Bank of the Pooled States and extend its faculty for credit by issuing system currency in Henry Clay's Inhabitant system.^[104] He intended to reckon on the judgment of Sitting in legislative matters, using her highness veto power only if differentiation act were unconstitutional, and give reverse Jackson's spoils system short vacation executive patronage.^[106] He promised command somebody to use patronage to create dialect trig qualified staff, not to improve his own standing in authority, and under no circumstance would he run for a following term.

He condemned the budgetary excesses of the prior authority and pledged not to intrude with congressional financial policy. Scream in all, Harrison committed supplement a weak presidency, deferring itch "the First Branch", the Copulation, in keeping with Whig principles.^[106][105]

He addressed the nation's already energetically debated issue of slavery.

In that a slaveholder himself, he intercontinental with the right of states to control the matter: